Examination stress in academic students: a multimodal, real-time, real-life investigation of reported stress, social contact, blood pressure, and cortisol

Abstract

Objective

Academic examinations are a frequent and significant source of student stress, but multimodal, psychophysiological studies are still missing. Participants & methods: Psychological and physiological variables were assessed on 154 undergraduate students in daily life using e-diaries resp. blood pressure devices at the beginning of the semester, and again before an examination. Results: Multilevel analysis revealed lower calmness, more negative valence, higher task-related stress, higher demands, lower perceived control, lower frequency of social contact, and a higher desire to be alone during the examination period (all p values < .0001), as well as lower ambulatory systolic blood pressure (p = .004), heightened cortisol at awakening (p = .021), and a smaller increase in cortisol (p = .012). Conclusions: Our study revealed empirical evidence that examination periods are not only associated with indicators of dysphoria, stress, and social withdrawal but also by altered physiological processes, which might reflect anticipatory stress and withdrawal effects.

Keywords:

• Ambulatory assessment
• psychophysiological assessment
• stress
• students

Conflict of interest disclosure

The authors have no conflicts of interest to report. The authors confirm that the research presented in this article met the ethical guidelines, including adherence to the legal requirements of Germany. Ethical approval for our study by an institutional review board was not mandatory, according to local and national law.

Additional information

Funding

No funding was used to support this research and/or the preparation of the manuscript.