Covid-19 associated reduction in hypertension-related diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in Excellence Centers of the European Society of Hypertension

Abstract

Background

The Covid-19 pandemic necessitated a decrease in non-Covid-19 related diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in many countries. We explored the impact on tertiary hypertension care.

Methods

We conducted an electronic survey regarding 6 key procedures in hypertension care within the Excellence Center network of the European Society of Hypertension.

Results

Overall, 54 Excellence Centers from 18 European and 3 non-European countries participated. From 2019 to 2020, there were significant decreases in the median number per centre of ambulatory blood pressure monitorings (ABPM: 544/289 for 2019/2020), duplex ultrasound of renal arteries (Duplex RA: 88.5/55), computed tomographic/magnetic resonance imaging angiography of renal arteries (CT/MRI RA: 66/19.5), percutaneous angioplasties of renal arteries (PTA RA: 5/1), laboratory tests for catecholamines (116/67.5) and for renin/aldosterone (146/83.5) (p < 0.001 for all comparisons, respectively). While reductions in all assessed diagnostic and therapeutic procedures were observed in all annual 3-months periods in the comparisons between 2019 and 2020, the most pronounced reduction occurred between April and June 2020, which was the period of the first wave and the first lockdown in most affected countries. In this period, the median reductions in 2020, as compared to 2019, were 50.7% (ABPM), 47.1% (Duplex RA), 50% (CT/MRI RA), 57.1% (PTA RA), 46.9% (catecholamines) and 41.0% (renin/aldosterone), respectively. Overall differences in reduction between 3-month time intervals were statistically highly significant.

Conclusion

Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures related to hypertension were dramatically reduced during the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic, with the largest reduction during the first lockdown. The long-term consequences regarding blood pressure control and, ultimately, cardiovascular events remain to be investigated.

Keywords:

• Covid-19
• ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
• renal artery imaging
• blood and urine laboratory testing
• European Society of Hypertension
• Excellence Center
• hypertension
• health care

Introduction

The unprecedented ongoing global Corona-virus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic undoubtedly has a dramatic influence on many, if not almost all, aspects of daily life. Lifestyle, psychological, socioeconomic and environmental factors have changed profoundly during and in reaction to the pandemic [1,2]. The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on healthcare was particularly strong. Out of the blue, Covid-19 emerged as the third leading cause of death in the United States in 2020 [3]. The Covid-19 pandemic obviously necessitated healthcare systems globally to focus on its rapid, demanding and persistent management. Consequently, healthcare resources for other diseases had to be redirected to Covid-19 care. This led to a substantial reduction of care for acute non-Covid-19 diseases, but even more for a wide range of chronic diseases. For instance, endoscopies in general [4] and particularly for cancer screening [5] including colorectal cancer service [6], elective urological procedures [7], elective non-urgent orthopaedic operations [8–10], and the access to diabetes education and multidisciplinary care [11] were reduced. In cardiovascular medicine, during the first month of the lockdown in 2020, there have been dramatic reductions in face-to-face clinical meetings in heart failure services and cardiac rehabilitations of up to 100% [12], but also of chest pain, acute coronary syndromes [13] and heart failure admissions as well as emergency department attendance of 50% and more [12–14]. Cardiovascular procedures, such as percutaneous coronary interventions, cardiac pacemaker implantations, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, carotid artery endarterectomy/stenting, cerebral aneurysm coiling, aortic aneurysm repair and limb revascularizations have been reduced by 50–90% [14]. Diagnostic tests for cardiovascular diseases were reduced by 42% (March 2020) and 64% (April 2020), as compared to March 2019 [15], with reductions for individual tests by more than 90% [16]. A closer look at the time course of these changes in the acute setting revealed that hospital admissions for acute coronary syndrome were reduced from mid-February 2020 to the end of March 2020 by 40%, as compared to the previous year. This decline was partly reduced in the following weeks, arriving at a 16% reduction from baseline in the last week of May 2020 [13].

In an attempt to explore the impact of Covid-19 and the associated lockdowns on hypertension management, the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) conducted, in 2020, the first survey among its Excellence Centers [17]. It was observed that the number of patients treated per week by the centers decreased by 90% and that the majority of the centers could not provide ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) during the lockdown. In order to investigate these changes in hypertension care in more detail, and to clarify the time course of the reduction in performing hypertension-related diagnostic tests and selected therapeutic procedures, we conducted a second survey among our Excellence Centers in 2021.

Methods

Similar to the first Covid-19 survey of the ESH, we developed a 60-questions electronic survey designed to quantify the impact of Covid-19 and the associated lockdowns in 2020 on 5 diagnostic tests (ABPM, renal artery duplex ultrasound – Duplex RA, renal artery angiography by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging – RA CT/MRI, laboratory test for plasma/urinary catecholamines, laboratory test for plasma renin/aldosterone) and one interventional procedure (percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the renal artery – PTA RA) related to hypertension care (Table 1). The survey was drafted by the coordinator of the Excellence Center program (T.W.) and subsequently reviewed and finalised by the Covid-19 Task Force of the ESH. The survey, written in SoGoSurvey software, was made available online to all Excellence Centers between April and June 2021. The participating centers were asked to extract exact numbers of diagnostic tests and selected procedures from departmental and hospital administrative databases for the years 2019 and 2020, divided into 3 months intervals. The results were compiled by ESH staff. The current work was an evaluation of clinical service provided by physicians and nurses and not related to individual patient data, therefore ethical approval was not required.

Table 1. Study questionnaire.

+ Name participant, name Excellence Centre, country

ABPM

+ Number of ABPM performed 2019

+ Overall

+ January–March 2019, April–June 2019, July–September 2019, October–December 2019

+ Number of ABPM performed 2020

+ Overall

+ January–March 2020, April–June 2020, July–September 2020, October–December 2020

Renal artery duplex ultrasound

+ number of renal artery duplex ultrasound performed 2019

+ overall

+ January–March 2019, April–June 2019, July–September 2019, October–December 2019

+ number of renal artery duplex ultrasound performed 2020

+ overall

+ January–March 2020, April–June 2020, July–September 2020, October–December 2020

Renal artery CT–angiography + MRI–angiography

+ Number of renal artery CT–angiography + MRI–angiography performed 2019

+ Overall

+ January–March 2019, April–June 2019, July–September 2019, October–December 2019

+ Number of renal artery CT–angiography + MRI–angiography performed 2020

+ Overall

+ January–March 2020, April–June 2020, July–September 2020, October–December 2020

Renal artery angioplasty

+ Number of renal artery angioplasty performed 2019

+ Overall

+ January–March 2019, April–June 2019, July–September 2019, October–December 2019

+ Number of renal artery angioplasty performed 2020

+ Overall

+ January–March 2020, April–June 2020, July–September 2020, October–December 2020

Laboratory tests for plasma + urinary catecholamines

+ number of laboratory tests for plasma + urinary catecholamines performed 2019

+ overall

+ January–March 2019, April–June 2019, July–September 2019, October–December 2019

+ number of laboratory tests for plasma + urinary catecholamines performed 2020

+ overall

+ January–March 2020, April–June 2020, July–September 2020, October–December 2020

Laboratory tests for plasma renin and aldosterone

+ Number of laboratory tests for plasma renin and aldosterone performed 2019

+ Overall

+ January–March 2019, April–June 2019, July–September 2019, October–December 2019

+ Number of laboratory tests for plasma renin and aldosterone performed 2020

+ Overall

+ January–March 2020, April–June 2020, July–September 2020, October–December 2020

Statistics

Results are presented as medians (interquartile range), as all numerical parameters were not normally distributed. Numbers per time interval were compared, using the Wilcoxon test for paired samples, with Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. Changes in hypertension-related diagnostic tests and therapeutic procedures between 2019 and 2020 were expressed as percentages. Probability (p)-values were calculated with the Friedman test to detect overall differences in reduction between 3-month time intervals; post-hoc analyses using the Wilcoxon test for paired samples using Bonferroni correction were used for pairwise comparison of reduction between 3-month time intervals. Statistical analysis was performed using MedCalc version 13.0.2.0 (MedCalc Software, Mariakerke, Belgium) and Matlab, version 2019b (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA).

Results

In all, 54 Excellence Centers located in 18 European and 3 non-European countries participated in the survey (10 from Greece, 7 from Italy, 6 from Spain and France, 3 from Belgium and Hungary, 2 from Czech Republic, Germany, Serbia and Switzerland, and 1 from Armenia, Austria, Brazil, Bulgaria, Estonia, Finland, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Poland, Portugal, and Sweden, respectively).

All evaluated diagnostic and therapeutic procedures were performed less often during the pandemic (Table 2): The median number of ABPMs dropped from 544 per center in 2019 to 289 in 2020 (p < 0.001), a reduction of 30.8% (Table 3, Figure 1). Similar changes were observed for the number of Duplex RA (from 88.5 in 2019 to 55 in 2020), the number of CT/MRI RA (from 66 in 2019 to 19.5 in 2020), the number of laboratory tests for catecholamines (from 116 in 2019 to 67.5 in 2020), the number of laboratory tests for renin/aldosterone (from 146 in 2019 to 83.5 in 2020), and the number of PTA RA (from 5 in 2019 to 1 in 2020). Thus, we observed a consistent reduction of hypertension-related diagnostic tests and one selected procedure by roughly one-third. Specifically, the reductions were: for Duplex RA 33.3%, CT/MRI RA 35.1%, laboratory tests for catecholamines 31.7%, laboratory tests for renin/aldosterone 29.7%, and for RA PTA 38.9%, respectively.

Figure 1. Reduction in hypertension-related diagnostic tests and one selected therapeutic procedure from 2019 to 2020. Left side: overall, right side: in 3-month intervals. ABPM: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; Duplex RA: duplex ultrasound investigations of renal arteries; CT/MRI RA: computed tomographic/magnetic resonance imaging angiography of renal arteries; PTA RA: percutaneous angioplasties of renal arteries.

Table 2. Hypertension-related diagnostic tests and one selected therapeutic procedure 2019 and 2020.

Diagnostic test	Participating centres overall/3 months intervals	2019					2020
		Overall	Jan–Mar	Apr–Jun	Jul–Sep	Oct–Dec	Overall	Jan–Mar	Apr–Jun	Jul–Sep	Oct–Dec
ABPM	53/50	544*	152^#	140^#	96^$	152^#	289	106	47	57.5	78.5
		[237–1016]	[67–293]	[60.5–275]	[48–170]	[53.5–272]	[143–598]	[43–220]	[21.5–116]	[27–126]	[37–162]
Duplex RA	46/42	88.5*	30^#	29^#	24.5^#	27.5^#	55	25.5	11.5	10.5	16
		[52–312]	[14–80]	[15–76]	[15–69]	[13–82]	[35–205]	[14–64]	[2–33]	[6–45]	[5–44]
CT/MRI RA	42/38	66*	21.5^$	18^#	15	18.5^$	19.5	12	6	6	8
		[10–170]	[5–40]	[2–46.3]	[2–37]	[3–48]	[5–120]	[2–41]	[0.25–30]	[0–30]	[1–31]
Angioplasty RA	45/38	5*	2^§	2^&	1	1^#	1	0	0	0	0
		[1–11.5]	[0–4]	[0–4.75]	[0–2.75]	[0–4]	[0–8.25]	[0–3]	[0–2]	[0–2]	[0–2]
Catecholamines	46/41	116*	36.5^$	40^#	29	39^#	67.5	29.5	15	15	18
		[35–299]	[10–82]	[8.25–81.8]	[8–69.3]	[10–90]	[17–232]	[5–64]	[3.25–39.8]	[3.75–56]	[4.75–65.3]
Renin/Aldosterone	45/42	146*	43.5^#	47^#	37	45	83.5	25	17	26	21
		[59.5–448]	[15–153]	[11–107]	[12–92.8]	[14–97.5]	[33–309]	[9.5–93]	[4.5–84.3]	[6–90]	[7–82.5]

Values are medians [interquartile range].

*p < 0.001 (Wilcoxon test for paired samples) for comparison of overall numbers 2019 versus 2020.

^#p < 0.001; ^$p = 0.005; ^&p = 0.002; ^§p = 0.01; all comparisons between respective 3 time intervals 2019 versus 2020 are calculated with Wilcoxon’s test for paired samples, with Bonferroni correction.

ABPM: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; Duplex RA: duplex ultrasound investigations of renal arteries; CT/MRI RA: computed tomographic/magnetic resonance imaging angiography of renal arteries.

Table 3. Changes expressed as percentage [interquartile range] in hypertension-related diagnostic tests and one selected therapeutic procedure from 2019 to 2020.

Diagnostic test	Participating centres overall/3-month intervals	Overall	Jan–Mar	Apr–Jun	Jul–Sep	Oct–Dec	p-Value (Friedman)	Significant pairwise comparisons (post-hoc)*	p-Value, post hoc correlation
ABPM	49	−30.8	−18.8	−50.7	−25	−33.3	<0.001	(1…2)(1…4)(2…3)(2…4)	<0.001, 0.03, <0.001, 0.003
		[−48.4, −17.7]	[−30.6, 0]	[−76.3, −32.8]	[−49.1, 1.18]	[−55.8, −12.4]
Duplex RA	39	−33.3	−20.2	−47.1	−33.8	−41	<0.001	(1…2)(1…4)	<0.001, 0.02
		[−45.5, −24]	[−36.1, −3.03]	[−70.7, −31.2]	[−50, −15.9]	[−60.9, −15.7]
CT/MRI RA	34	−35.1	−24.1	−50	−13.7	−31.8	0.002	(1…2)(2…3)	0.05, 0.05
		[−52.2, −11.1]	[−45.5, −6.67]	[−85.7, −29.4]	[−70, 7.41]	[−66.7, 0]
Angioplasty RA	17	−38.9	−25	−57.1	−50	−66.7	0.01	(1…2)(1…4)	0.009, 0.02
		[−60, −26.7]	[−51.6, 0]	[−100, −50]	[−100, 9.38]	[−100, −45.8]
Catecholamines	37	−31.7	−27.8	−46.9	−14.3	−28.9	<0.001	(1…2)(2…3)(2…4)	0.002, <0.001, 0.007
		[−50.3, −11.9]	[−40.1, −6.67]	[−79.5, −28.8]	[−50, 11.6]	[−58.8, −11.8]
Renin/Aldosterone	38	−29.7	−26.3	−41	−15.1	−26.2	0.001	(1…2)(2…3)(2…4)	0.006, 0.005, 0.03
		[−57.4, −11.5]	[−49, −6.25]	[−67.1, −25]	[−54.5, 18.2]	[−71.4, 10.7]

p-Values were calculated with Friedman test to detect overall differences in reduction between 3-month time intervals; post-hoc analyses using Wilcoxon`s test for paired samples with Bonferroni correction was performed for pairwise comparison of reduction between 3-month time intervals.

*1: Jan–Mar; 2: Apr–Jun; 3: Jul–Sep; 4: Oct–Dec.

ABPM: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; Duplex RA: duplex ultrasound investigations of renal arteries; CT/MRI RA: computed tomographic/magnetic resonance imaging angiography of renal arteries.

Breaking down the results by 3-months periods, the reductions analysed in diagnostic procedures and one therapeutic intervention were least pronounced from January to March 2020, reaching a maximum from April to June 2020, slowly returned to the numbers of 2019 in July to September, and increased again from October to December 2020 (Figure 1).

Discussion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first multi-national study to quantify the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on hypertension-associated diagnostic tests and one selected therapeutic procedure. Taking advantage of the Excellence Center network of ESH, we observed on a mainly European level that the Covid-19 pandemic led to a dramatic overall reduction of key diagnostic hypertension-related tests by about one-third and a peak reduction of about one-half in periods with more strict lockdowns.

The current report extends our previous findings in Excellence Centers during the first phase of the pandemic [17], which documented an even greater (by 90%) reduction of face-to-face patient visits. The time course of the reductions in diagnostic tests and therapeutic interventions is fully consistent with our previous findings: the first Covid-19 associated shutdown for hypertension care in Excellence Centers lasted a median of 9 weeks (from March 2020 onwards), and the reductions in diagnostic tests were most striking from April to June 2020. This in turn closely mirrors the evolution of the Covid-19 associated governmental responses across Europe, from school closures to travel bans, expressed in a so-called stringency index [18]. The governmental responses, which can be summarised as ‘lockdown’, started in Europe at the end of February 2020 and were strictest in April and May 2020, somewhat released during summer 2020 and tightened again from October to November 2020 onwards. In parallel, the reductions in hypertension-related diagnostic tests and the evaluated therapeutic procedure just started from January to March 2020 (because the first weeks of the year 2020 were unaffected), were most pronounced from April to June 2020, less pronounced during summer 2020, and increased again from October to December 2020.

The extent of reduction in hypertension-related diagnostic tests in our study (by about 50% from April to June 2020) is of the same magnitude as reported for other diagnostic tests for cardiovascular diseases: global surveys revealed, that diagnostic tests for cardiovascular diseases (transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography, coronary CT angiography, cardiac MRI, invasive angiography) were reduced by 42% – in March 2020 – and 64% – in April 2020 –, as compared to March 2019 [15], with reductions for individual tests reaching maximum decline of more than 90% [16].

To compensate for the observed reductions in face-to-face consultations, an increase in the use of telehealth using self-home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) has been recommended in hypertension care [19]. HBPM can be used to confirm or disprove the presence of hypertension in the setting of elevated or normal office blood pressure [20], thus allowing the diagnosis of established, white coat hypertension or masked hypertension. However, as recently outlined [21], the use of HBPM also faces some limitations. Thus, although increasing the use of HBPM may to some degree have attenuated the decrease of Covid-19 lockdown-associated reductions of ABPM, the use of HBPM cannot fully substitute ABPM in several clinical scenarios and needs training and supervision to avoid its drawbacks, such as the use of unreliable devices, measurement in inappropriate posture and conditions, and misreporting of readings by patients [21]. More important, for all other hypertension-related diagnostic tests in our study, alternatives using telehealth methods are not available.

In an excellent summary, the World Health Organisation (WHO) stated that [22], ‘large scale physical distancing measures and movement restrictions, often referred to as ‘lockdowns’, can slow Covid-19 transmission by limiting contact between people. However, these measures can have a profound negative impact on individuals, communities, and societies by bringing social and economic life to a near stop’. On top of that, and worsening the situation, lockdowns considerably impaired healthcare for non-Covid-19 diseases. As medical care even for acute health problems and life-threatening conditions such as myocardial infarctions was compromised [13], healthcare for chronic conditions was – not unexpectedly – much more affected [6,7,9,11]. Hypertension is a classic paradigm of chronic cardiovascular disease and remains the major preventable cause of cardiovascular disease and all-cause death globally, including in Europe [20,23,24]. Although our findings do not show nor necessarily imply a subsequent increase in hypertension-related morbidity and mortality in the future, they may serve as an alarming signal to alert physicians, but also healthcare systems and administrations to monitor closely hypertension awareness, treatment and control rates now and in the future. The next step is to understand the immediate impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on blood pressure levels. Therefore, the Covid-19 Task Force of the ESH has initiated the ESH ABPM COVID-19 study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05167240), which will compare ABPM results obtained before and during the COVID-19 lockdown in treated hypertensive patients.

A possible limitation of our survey is its retrospective nature and the possibility that some of the investigations have been performed not exclusively for the diagnostic workup of hypertension. Furthermore, a selection bias (Excellence Centers with the availability of the data and less dramatic reductions may have been more willing to report their performance) may have affected the results. Finally, Excellence Centers are mainly secondary and tertiary care centres, and the situation regarding ABPM in primary care may have been different.

In summary, these data document a considerable decline in the use of hypertension-related diagnostic tests and selected therapeutic procedures during the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic, with the largest reduction seen during the first lockdown in the spring of 2020. The long-term consequences regarding blood pressure control and, ultimately, cardiovascular events remain to be investigated.

Author contributions

T.W., R.K., A.J., K.T. and G.M. developed the questionnaire and the study design. C.C.M. performed the statistical analyses. T.W. wrote the first draft of the article and revised it according to coauthors’ and reviewers’ feedback. J.A., T.B., M.v.d.G., P.G., and B.V. were the top 5 recruiting centres. Most of the writing group members contributed data to the analysis, and all writing group members were involved in the interpretation of the results, the development and the submission of the article. The remaining contributing Excellence Centers include:

Writing group:

Thomas Weber (1), Jaques Amar (2), Tine de Backer (3), Thilo Burkard (4), Marcus van der Giet (5), Philippe Gosse (6), Andrzej Januszewicz (7), Thomas Kahan (8), Giuseppe Mancia (9), Christopher C. Mayer (10), Maria Lorenza Muiesan (11), George S. Stergiou (12), Konstantinos Tsioufis (13), Bernard Vaisse (14), and Reinhold Kreutz (5) (writing group). Covid-10 Task Force of the European Society of Hypertension.

Contributing Excellence Centers:

Ábrahám György (15), Istvan Barna (16), Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso (17), Miguel Camafort-Babkowski (18), Claude Braun (19), Santina Cottone (20), Kathrin Danninger (1), Georg Ehret (21), Daniel Gordin (22), Guido Grassi (23), Charalampos Grassos (24), Fernando Jaén Águila (25), Zoltan Jarai (26), Klaus Kisters (27), Vasilios Kotsis (28), Jean-Marie Krzesinski (29), Marilucy Lopez-Sublet (30), Dragan Lovic (31), Empar Lurbe (32), Thomas K. Makris (33), Athanasios J. Manolis (34), Maria Marketou (35), Pietro Minuz (36), Jean-Jacques Mourad (37), Edgar Nasr (38), Patricia Van der Niepen (39), Olivier Ormezzano (40), Ioannis Papadakis (41), Jorge Polonia (42), Dimitrios Papadopoulos (43), Dimitar Raev (44), Marek Rajzer (45), Josep Redon (46), Nicolás Roberto Robles (47), Riccardo Sarzani (48), Filipo Scalise (49), Anna Oliveras Serrano (50), Vesna Stojanov (51), Costas Thomopoulos (33), Jan Vaclavik (52), Franco Veglio (53), Margus Viigimaa (54), Jiri Widimski (55), Pantelis Zebekakis (56), Parounak Zelveian (57).

1 … Cardiology Department, Klinikum Wels-Grieskirchen, Wels, Austria

2 … Toulouse University Hospital, France

3 … Cardiovascular Center, Heymans Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Gent, Belgium

4 … Medical Outpatient Department and Hypertension Clinic, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

5 … Hypertension Centre Berlin Charité, Berlin, Germany

6 … Unité Hypertension Artérielle, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France

7 … Department of Hypertension, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland

8 … Department of Cardiology, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

9 … University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy

10 … Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria

11 … Centro per la Prevenzione e Cura dell'ipertensione Arteriosa, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy

12 … Hypertension Center STRIDE-7, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Third Department of Medicine, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece

13 … 1^st Cardiology Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece

14 … Service de Rythmologie et d'Hypertension, Pôle Cardiovasculaire et Thoracique, Marseille, France

15 … Nephrology-Hypertension Center 1st Dept. of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary

16 … Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

17 … Hypertension League, Medicine School, Federal University of Goiás, Brasil

18 … Hypertension Centre Hospital Clínic- IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain

19 … Centre Hospitalier Kirchberg, Hôpitaux Robert Schuman, Luxembourg

20 … Nephrology Unit with Hypertension Excellence Centre, University of Palermo Italy

21 … Department of Cardiology, University of Geneva, Switzerland

22 … Helsinki Hypertension Centre of Excellence, Abdominal Center Nephrology, Minerva Institute for Medical Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki , Finland

23 … Clinica Medica Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy

24 … Hypertension Clinic, Department of Cardiology, KAT General Hospital, Athens, Greece

25 … Vascular Risk Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain

26 … Szt. Imre Teaching Hospital, Budapest, Hungary

27 … Medical Clinic I, St. Anna Hospital, Herne, Germany

28 … Hypertension-24h ABPM Center, Papageorgiou Hospital, Nea Efkarpia, Greece

29 … Centre Universitaire d’approche diagnostique et thérapeutique de l’hypertension artérielle CHU de Liège, Liège Sart Tilman, Belgium

30 … AP-HP Hôpital Avicenne, Centre d’Excellence Européen en Hypertension Artérielle, Médecine Interne, Bobigny, France. INSERM UMR 942 MASCOT, Paris 13-Université Paris Nord. FCRIN INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists), Nancy, France.

31 … Clinic for internal disease Intermedica, Cardiology Department, Hypertension Center Singidunum University, School of Medicine, Nis, Serbia

32 … Pediatric Department, Hospital General, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain

33 … Dept. of Cardiology, "Helena Venizelou" Maternity and General Hospital, Athens, Greece

34 … Hypertension Center Metropolitan Hospital, Athens, Greece

35 … Cardiology Department of Heraklion University Hospital, Heraklion, Greece

36 … UOC Medicina Generale per lo Studio ed il Trattamento della Malattia Ipertensiva, Dipartimento di Medicina Università di Verona ed Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona Policlinico GB Rossi, Italy

37 … Groupe Hospitalier Paris-Saint Joseph, Paris, France

38 … St. George University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon

39 … Department of Nephrology & Hypertension, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (VUB), Belgium

40 … Hypertension et Athérothrombose - Service de Cardiologie - Pôle Thorax et Vaisseaux - CHU Grenoble, France

41 … Hypertension Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece

42 … Faculty of Medicine of Porto, Portugal

43 … Hypertension Clinic, University Hospital Laiko, Athens

44 … Clinic of Internal Medicine, University Hospital "St. Anna", Sofia, Bulgaria

45 … I st Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Arterial Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland

46 … Hypertension Clinic, Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinico, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain

47 … Nephrology Department & Hypertension Unit, Hospital Universitario de Badajoz, Universidad de Extremadura, Spain

48 … Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Hypertension Excellence Centre, University Politecnica delle Marche and IRCCS-INRCA, Ancona, Italy

49 … Centro Studi Ipertensione e Malattie Vascolari, Policlinico di Monza, Verano Brianza, Italy

50 … Hypertension Unit-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain

51 … The multidisciplinary center for Polyclinic Diagnostics, Assessment and Treatment of Blood Pressure Disorders, Clinic for Cardiology,Clinical Centre of Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia

52 … Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, University Hospital Ostrava and Ostrava University Faculty of Medicine, Ostrava, Czech Republic

53 … Internal Medicine and Hypertension Division, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Italy

54 … North Estonia Medical Centre, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia

55 … Centre for hypertension, Charles University, IIIrd Internal dep., Prague, Czech Republic

56 … Hypertension Unit of the First Department of Medicine Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Greece

57 … Center of Preventive Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology named after Levon Hovhannisyan, Yerevan, Armenia

Acknowledgements

We are indebted to Mandy Eigner, program coordinator of the ESH, for dissemination of the SoGo survey among the Excellence Centers and for compiling the results.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).