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Notes
1. Marilyn Lake has written extensively on the role of Australian feminists in defining citizenship; see, for example, Lake (Citation1994). The work of Helen Irving has uncovered the role of women in the creation of Australia's Constitution (Irving Citation1997). See also Patricia Crawford and Philippa Maddern (Citation2001).
2. See, for instance, Robert Freestone (Citation1987), and Leonie Sandercock (Citation1975).
3. See also Joy Damousi (Citation1999, 613–14).
4. See, for instance, Elizabeth Wilson (Citation1992).
5. More recently, Susan K. Martin (Citation2003) has outlined how the image of the garden operated, alongside the ‘bush’, as figurative national space.
6. See Margaret Alston (Citation1995, 23–24).
7. The question of poverty being the chief threat to ‘womanliness’, rather than the urban environment itself, inevitably arises from such accounts. The issue is problematised by the comparative lack of attention to the issue of rural poverty in the period, despite its arguably being much more grinding than its urban equivalent, due to lack of basic amenities like water supply in many areas. Australian urban reformers were steeped in a tradition that saw the urban environment as biologically damaging for women of all classes.
8. Such reasoning was also evident in the influential ‘gardening movement’ being fostered in schools in the period: see also Shaw (Citation1979).
9. See Katie Holmes (Citation1999 Citation2000).
10. The influential ‘Garden City’ idea which so influenced the bourgeois town planning movement did not, of course, dictate practical urban improvement and housing measures in the period. For example, Sydney City Council experimented with building flats and semi-detached housing for workers in Chippendale and Pyrmont around the time that Daceyville was being built. See Shirley Fitzgerald (Citation1992, 228–29) and Paul Ashton (Citation1993, 42).
11. Meredith Fletcher's history of Yallourn in Victoria examined some of the ramifications for women arising from the ideology associated with the garden city idea: see her Digging People up for Coal: A History of Yallourn (Citation2002, 66–77).
12. See Susan Magarey (Citation2001). It was mainly conservative women's groups, like the Australian Women's National League and Sydney's United Women's Association, which actively encouraged women towards the rural life.
