Journalism History without Borders: The Transnational Paradigm and the Case of John Mitchel

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Notes

1 Marshall McLuhan, The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962).

2 Jeremy Black, Maps and Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 59–98, 100–147; Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1790: Programme, Myth, and Reality (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 80–81; Jordan Branch, “Mapping and the Sovereign State: Technology, Authority, and Systemic Change,” International Organization 65, no. 1 (2011): 2; Denis Mack Smith, Modern Italy: A Political History (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997), 2.

3 Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, rev. ed. (London: Verso, 2006), 6; Eva Comas, Joan Cuenca, and Klaus Zilles, Life without Media (New York: Peter Lang, 2013), xiii; Marcel Broersma, “Transnational Journalism History,” Medien & Zeit 25, no. 4 (2010): 10; Michael Schudson, “Fourteen or Fifteen Generations: News as a Cultural Form and Journalism as a Historical Formulation,” American Journalism 30, no. 1 (2013): 32.

4 American Journalism Historians Association 2015 Conference Program (Oklahoma City, OK, October 8–10, 2015), accessed December 3, 2016, https://ajha.wildapricot.org/Resources/Documents/Convention/Programs/2015AJHAprogram_smallfile.pdf.

5 2016 American Journalism Historians Association Conference Program (St. Petersburg, FL, October 6–8, 2016), accessed December 3, 2016, https://ajha.wildapricot.org/resources/Documents/Convention/Programs/AJHA_2016program.pdf.

6 Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communications (AEJMC), History Division 2015 Conference Sessions (San Francisco, CA, August 6–9, 2015), accessed December 3, 2016, http://aejmc.us/history/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2015/07/historydivisionsessionsaej2015.pdf; Myung-Jin Park and James Curran, De-Westernizing Media Studies (London: Routledge, 2000); Michael Sweeney, “26 Papers Accepted for AEJMC Conference,” Clio, accessed November 17, 2016, http://aejmc.us/history/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2016/05/16summerclio.pdf.

7 Mario Infelise, Roman Avvisi: Information and Politics in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 212–228.

8 Publick Occurrences, Both Forreign and Domestick, September 25, 1690, accessed April 27, 2016, http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/amerbegin/power/text5/PublickOccurrences.pdf.

9 Barbie Zelizer, “Journalists as Interpretative Communities, Revised,” in The Routledge Companion to News and Journalism, ed. Stuart Allan (London: Routledge, 2010), 181; Barbie Zelizer, “Journalists as Interpretive Communities,” Critical Studies in Mass Communication 10, no. 3 (1993): 219–237; Anderson, Imagined Communities, 6; Jane L. Chapman and Nick Nuttall, Journalism Today: A Themed History (Chichester, UK: Wiley, 2011), 6.

10 James W. Carey, Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society (Winchester, MA: Hyman, 1989); James S. Ettema, “News as Culture,” in Allan, The Routledge Companion to News and Journalism, 289.

11 Kevin Grieves, Journalism across Boundaries: The Promises and Challenges of Transnational Journalism (New York: Palgrave, 2012); Broersma, “Transnational Journalism History,” 12.

12 Broersma, 11; Grieves, 8.

13 Michele Hilmes, Network Nations: A Transnational History of British and American Broadcasting (New York: Routledge, 2012), 300.

14 Lisa A. Lindsay, “The Appeal of Transnational History,” Perspectives on History (American Historical Society), December 2012, https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/december-2012/the-future-of-the-discipline/the-appeal-of-transnational-history.

15 Michael A. McDonnell, “Paths Not Yet Taken, Voices Not Yet Heard: Rethinking Atlantic History,” in Connected Worlds: History in Transnational Perspective, ed. Ann Curthoys and Marilyn Lake (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 2005), 45.

16 McDonnell, “Paths Not Yet Taken,” 57.

17 Peter Jones, The 1848 Revolutions (London: Routledge, 1991), 1–7, 98–99; Jonathan Sperber, The European Revolutions, 1848–1851 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 1.

18 Steven A. Channing, Crisis of Fear: Secession in South Carolina (New York: W.W. Norton, 1974), 20, 21, 24, 74, 76; Stefan Kieniewicz, “The Social Visage of Poland in 1848,” Slavonic and East European Review 27, no. 86 (1948): 91–105.

19 See, for example, page 1 or the June 27, 1848, New York Herald.

20 Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1967), 1, 129, 132.

21 Timothy Mason Roberts, Jeffersonian America: Distant Revolutions: 1848 and the Challenge to American Exceptionalism (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2009), 42, 44, 56–57, 125; Mary Ryan, Civic Wars: Democracy and Public Life in the American City during the Nineteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).

22 Bryan P. McGovern, John Mitchel: Irish Nationalist, Southern Secessionist (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2009), 80–81.

23 Aiden Hegarty, John Mitchel: A Cause Too Many (Belfast: Camlane Press, 2005), 29; McGovern, John Mitchel: Irish Nationalist, 34–35; P. S. O'Hegarty, John Mitchel: An Appreciation, with Some Account of Young Ireland (Dublin: Maunsel, 1917), 31; John Mitchel, The Last Conquest of Ireland (Perhaps) [1861], ed. Patrick Maume (Dublin: UCD Press, 2005), 219.

24 McGovern, John Mitchel: Irish Nationalist, 80–82.

25 “Ireland,” Courier (Boston, MA), May 12, 1848, p. 2; “Bold Talk—Treason in Ireland,” Daily Advertiser (Newark, NJ), June 1, 1848, 2.

26 “The Case of the Patriot Mitchel—Opinions of the American Press,” New York Herald, June 18, 1848, 2.

27 McGovern, John Mitchel: Irish Nationalist, xi, xiv, 73.

28 O'Hegarty, John Mitchel: An Appreciation, 5–6.

29 “A Week Later from England,” Courier (Boston, MA), June 12, 1848, 2; “Bold Talk—Treason in Ireland,” Daily Advertiser (Newark, NJ), June 1, 1848, 2; “Later from Europe,” Republican Farmer (Bridgeport, CT), June 13, 1848, 3; ”One Day's Dirty Work,” New York Herald, June 20, 1848, 1; “Arrival of John Mitchel at Bermuda,” Daily Picayune (New Orleans, LA), July 7, 1848, 2.

30 “Mr. Haughton to Mr. Meagher Sends Greetings,” Citizen (New York, NY), January 14, 1854.

31 “Highly Interesting Intelligence,” New York Herald, June 27, 1848, p. 1; “Mr. Haughton to Mr. Meagher Sends Greetings,” Citizen (New York, NY), January 14, 1854.

32 McGovern, John Mitchel: Irish Nationalist, 129.

33 John R. McKivigan, Abolitionism and American Politics and Government (New York: Garland), 12.

34 Cú Chulainn is a character out of Irish mythology known as the “Hound of Ulster.” After killing an attacking dog, he took on the dog's job of protecting a key mountain pass that kept Ulster's enemies at bay.

35 Steven R. Knowlton, “The Politics of John Mitchel: A Reappraisal,” Éire-Ireland 22, no. 3 (1987): 40; Emile Montégut, John Mitchel: A Study of Irish Nationalism, trans. and ed. J. M. Hone (Dublin: Maunsel, 1915), 27, 13; James Quinn, “John Mitchel and the Rejection of the 19th Century,” Éire-Ireland 39, no. 3/4 (2003): 95.

36 Brendan Ó Cathaoir, “An Irishman's Diary on John Mitchel, a Contentious Patriot,” Irish Times, November 3, 2015, www.irishtimes.com/opinion/an-irishman-s-diary-on-john-mitchel-a-contentious-patriot-1.2414491 (accessed February 16, 2016).

37 Anthony Russell, “John Mitchel—Flawed Hero,” History Ireland, January–February 2016, 30–33.

38 Ella Lonn, Foreigners in the Confederacy (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1940), 155; Kathleen Rupert, “John Mitchel,” in Ireland and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History, vol. 1, ed. James Patrick Byrne and Philip Coleman (Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio, 2008), 597.

39 Ann Tucker, “Newest Born of Nations: Southern Thought on European Nationalisms and the Creation of the Confederacy, 1820–1860” (PhD diss., University of South Carolina, 2014), 55–56, 65, 97, 102.