It Ain’t Over ’Til It’s Over: Ending (?) the Narrative about the Chicago Tribune and the Battle of Midway

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Notes

1 Barbara Tuchman, “In Search of History,” in Practicing History: Selected Essays (New York: Ballentine, 1982), 20.

2 Ibid., 20–21.

3 Barbara Tuchman, “The Historian’s Opportunity,” in Practicing History: Selected Essays (New York: Ballentine, 1982), 58–59.

4 David Van Biema, “Was Saint Augustine Good for the Jews?” Time, December 7, 2008, http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1864878,00.html (accessed December 29, 2017).

5 Frank Morris, “Rethinking Controversial Monuments,” Weekend Edition, National Public Radio, August 26, 2017, https://www.npr.org/2017/08/26/546323180/rethinking-controversial-monuments (accessed December 29, 2017).

6 “How People Started Saying ‘It Ain’t Over ’til It’s Over,’” BBC News, September 23, 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-34324865 (accessed December 29, 2017).

7 Michael S. Sweeney and Patrick S. Washburn, “‘Aint Justice Wonderful’: The Chicago Tribune’s Battle of Midway Story and the Government’s Attempt at an Espionage Act Indictment in 1942,” Journalism & Communication Monographs 16, no. 1 (Spring 2014).

8 Ibid., 10.

9 Ibid., 69–70.

10 Editorial Board, “Breaking the Code on a Chicago Mystery from WWII,” Chicago Tribune, November 21, 2014, chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/editorials/ct-battle-midway-japanese-grand-jury-press-freedom-edit-20141121-story.html (accessed April 9, 2017).

11 Clinton Gillespie, “Judge Releases 1942 Grand Jury Testimony on Battle of Midway,” Spero News, June 11, 2015, speroforum.com/a/IVHKEOORNG53/76042-judge-releases-1942-grand-jury-testimony-on-Battle-of-Midway-#WOrwhlWcG70 (accessed April 17, 2017).

12 George Winston, “The Release of the Documents about the Famous Battle of Midway Court Case,” War History Online, October 11, 2016, warhistoryonline.com/war-articles/ww2-era-documents-chicago-tribune-battle-midway-trial-may-released-soon-x.html (accessed April 9, 2017).

13 Elliot Carlson, Stanley Johnston’s Blunder: The Reporter Who Spilled the Secret behind the US Navy’s Victory at Midway (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2017).

14 Sweeney and Washburn, “‘Aint Justice Wonderful,’” 21.

15 Ibid., 22, 27–28.

16 Ibid., 28–30.

17 Ibid., 33.

18 Memorandum, T. S. Wilkinson to Director, June 13, 1942, Federal Bureau of Investigation, file 100-22351-22, FBI, Washington, DC.

19 See ibid.; Johnston Statement, June 9, 1942, Chicago Tribune Kirkland and Ellis files, XI-175, file 1, box 1, folder 2, Robert R. McCormick Museum, Wheaton, IL; Statement of Stanley Johnston, July 13, 1942, Chicago Tribune Kirkland and Ellis files, XI-175, file 1, box 2, folder 13, Robert R. McCormick Museum; and [Henning] to Admiral, June 12, 1942, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 100-22351-22, FBI.

20 Pat Maloney to “Mr. Ellis,” “Statement of Loy Maloney, July 9, 1942,” July 16, 1942, XI-175, Chicago Tribune Kirkland and Ellis files, file 1, box 1, folder 2, Robert R. McCormick Museum.

21 William D. Mitchell to the Attorney General and the Secretary of the Navy, July 14, 1942, in Report on the Chicago Tribune Case, file 146-7-23-25. Justice Department, Washington, DC.

22 Stanley Johnston, August 18, 1942, 11–12, Department of Justice, file 146-7-25, Serial #8, National Archives, College Park, MD. The capitals are in the original.

23 Ibid., 7–29.

24 See ibid., 8; and Sweeney and Washburn, “‘Aint Justice Wonderful,’” 57–61.

25 Stanley Johnston, August 18, 1942, 30.

26 Ibid., 40.

27 Ibid., 9, 11–20.

28 “Believe Jury Voting in Tribune Inquiry,” Chicago Daily News, August 19, 1942.

29 Sweeney and Washburn, “‘Aint Justice Wonderful,’” 72.

30 Robert Mason, “Eyewitness,” Proceedings,” June 1982, 41–42, 45. The italics appeared in the original.

31 “Adm. Robert E. Dixon, Hero of a Naval Battle,” New York Times, October 24, 1981.

32 Mason, “Eyewitness,” 44.

33 Carlson, Stanley Johnston’s Blunder, 210–11.

34 See “Adm. Robert E. Dixon, Hero of a Naval Battle”; and “Retired Rear Admiral Robert E. Dixon, Credited with Sinking . . . ,” October 22, 1981, upi.com/Archives/1981/10/22/Retired-Rear-Adm-Robert-E-Dixon-credited-with-sinking/4680372571200 (accessed April 29, 2017).

35 Military Times, Wall of Valor, valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=10339 (accessed April 29, 2017).

36 Milton W. Horowitz, “Psychology of Confession,” Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, & Police Science 47, no. 2 (1956–57): 203.

37 Michael S. Sweeney, Brain: The Complete Mind; How It Develops, How It Works, and How to Keep It Sharp (Washington, DC: National Geographic Press, 2009), 248–55.

38 United States Navy Department, US Navy Regulations, 1920 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1920), chapter 1, section 4.

39 Since 1948, 18 US Code sec. 1001 has made it a crime, punishable by as many as five years in prison, to make “any materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or representation” to a federal government investigator. This wording is a simplified version of a law enacted in 1863 and modified in 1934.