Advocacy, Editorial Opinion, and Agenda Building: How Publicity Friends Fought for Louis D. Brandeis’s 1916 Supreme Court Confirmation

Abstract

Louis D. Brandeis’s “publicity friends” used agenda building to advocate for his confirmation as a Supreme Court Justice in 1916. Editors of the New Republic, Harper’s Weekly, and La Follette’s Weekly coordinated publicity efforts for Brandeis, their friend, fellow progressive, and political ally. Analysis of archival sources shows that these advocates strategically used publicity to support Brandeis and consciously engaged in advocacy agenda building and defensive agenda building to support Brandeis’s confirmation. The results of this study show publicity was used to advocate for Brandeis’s confirmation and to counter attacks on his reputation.

Endnotes

Notes

1 David G. Dalin, “The Appointment of Louis D. Brandeis, First Jewish Justice on the Supreme Court,” Louis D. Brandeis 100, Then & Now, 2016, brandeis.edu/ldb-100.com, 1; Clyde Spillenger, “Elusive Advocate: Reconsidering Brandeis as People's Lawyer,” Yale Law Journal 105, no. 6 (April 1996): 1445; Thomas C. Spelling, In re Nomination of Louis D. Brandeis for Associate Justice Supreme Court of U.S.: Summary of Charges and Evidence, New York City, 1916.

2 “Tories and the Last Ditch,” Harper’s Weekly, May 13, 1916, 517.

3 Walter Lippmann to Felix Frankfurter, February 16, 1916, in the Walter Lippmann Papers at Yale University; Woodrow Wilson to Senator Charles A. Culberson, May 8, 1916, in the Felix Frankfurter Papers at the Library of Congress.

4 Ann Bausum, Muckrakers: How Ida Tarbell, Upton Sinclair, and Lincoln Steffens Helped Expose Scandal, Inspire Reform, and Invent Investigative Journalism (Washington, DC: National Geographic Books, 2007).

5 “Brandeis Named For Highest Court; Will Be Opposed,” New York Times, January 1, 1916, 1, 3.

6 Clifford Thorne, chairman of the state board of railroad commissioners, spoke publicly about Brandeis representing different interests than he did in a case that addressed railroad rates. Thorne told senators “the gentleman whom you have under consideration, I believe, was guilty of infidelity, breach of faith, and unprofessional conduct in connection with one of the greatest cases of his generation.” U.S. Congress. Senate. Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary. Nomination of Louis D. Brandeis. Hearings before the Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary on the nomination of Louis D. Brandeis to be an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. 64th Congress, 1st session, February 16, 1916, 8.

7 Clarence W. Barron—affiliated with the Boston News Bureau, Wall Street Journal, and Philadelphia News Bureau—wrote an editorial calling Brandeis an unfit appointment. Barron accused Brandeis of switching sides from representing one shoe manufacturer to represent a rival manufacturer. “Unfit Appointment,” Boston News Bureau, January 19, 1916, in Nomination of Louis D. Brandeis. Hearings before the subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, February 10, 123.

8 A letter signed by seven citizens of Massachusetts said they opposed the appointment of Brandeis because they “do not believe that Mr. Brandeis has the judicial temperament and capacity which should be required in a judge of the Supreme Court. His reputation among a large number of members of his own profession, and among a large number of the people in general, is such that he has not their confidence.” Wm. W. Crapo, Charles W. Clifford, Oliver Prescott, Fred D. Stetson, Frederick H. Taber, Eliot D. Elmore, and John H. Clifford to Senate of the United States of America, February 18, 1916, in Nomination of Louis D. Brandeis. Hearings before the subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, February 29, 622.

9 “Tories and the Last Ditch,” Harper’s Weekly, May 13, 1916, 517.

10 Cayce Myers provided an excellent discussion of publicity agents in the early twentieth century in “Early US Corporate Public Relations: Understanding the “Publicity Agent” in American Corporate Communications, 1902–1918,” American Journalism, 32, no. 4 (September 2015): 430–31.

11 James E. Grunig and Larissa A. Grunig explained these roles in “Models of Public Relations and Communication,” in Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management, edited by James E. Grunig et al. (Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates), 287–8.

12 David M. Dozier explained advocacy in “The Organizational Roles of Communications and Public Relations Professionals,” in Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management, 345.

13 Robert Lane and David Sears, Public Opinion (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1964), 57–71. Also see Shanto Iyengar and Adam Simon, “News Coverage of the Gulf Crisis and Public Opinion: A Study of Agenda-Setting, Priming, and Framing,” Communication Research 20, no. 3 (June 1993): 365–83.

14 Spiro Kiousis, Michael Mitrook, Xu Wu, and Trent Seltzer, “First- and Second-Level Agenda-Building and Agenda-Setting Effects: Exploring the Linkages Among Candidate News Releases, Media Coverage, and Public Opinion During the 2002 Florida Gubernatorial Election,” Journal of Public Relations Research 18, no. 3 (July 2006): 266.

15 Ibid., 267.

16 Ji Young Kim and Spiro Kiousis, “The Role of Affect in Agenda Building for Public Relations: Implications for Public Relations Outcomes,” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 89, no. 4 (September 2012): 657–8.

17 Roger W. Cobb and Charles D. Elder, “The Politics of Agenda-Building: An Alternative Perspective for Modern Democratic Theory,” Journal of Politics 22, no. 4 (November 1971): 914. Also see: Sun Y. Lee and Daniel Riffe, “Who Sets the Corporate Social Responsibility Agenda in the News Media? Unveiling the agenda-Building Process of Corporations and a Monitoring Group,” Public Relations Review 43, no. 2 (June 2017): 293–303.

18 Louis Dembitz Brandeis Papers, Nutter, McClennen, and Fish collection, 1980, University Archives & Historical Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky. [hereinafter Brandeis Papers]. For convenience for future research, when possible, this paper cites letters that were already published in volumes of Brandeis’s letters. Louis D. Brandeis, The Letters of Louis D. Brandeis, Vol. 1 (1870–1907): Mr. Justice Brandeis, edited by Melvin I. Urofsky and David W. Levy (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1971) and Louis D. Brandeis, The Letters of Louis D. Brandeis, Vol. 4 (1916–1921): Mr. Justice Brandeis, edited by Melvin I. Urofsky and David W. Levy (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1975); Felix Frankfurter Papers, Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Washington, D.C. [hereinafter Frankfurter Papers]; Norman Hapgood and Elizabeth Reynolds Hapgood Papers, Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Washington, D.C. [hereinafter Hapgood Papers]; LaFollette Family Papers Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Washington, D.C. [hereinafter LaFollette Papers], Walter Lippmann Papers (MS 326). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. [hereinafter Lippmann Papers]; George R. Nutter diaries, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, Mass.

19 While biographers primarily have studied Brandeis’s papers and published articles or books that provide a historical narrative of his confirmation process, existing studies have not synthesized the writings and records of the papers of Lippmann, La Follette, Frankfurter, Hapgood, or Nutter to address their strategic publicity for Brandeis.

20 Kevin Stoker and Brad L. Rawlins, “The ‘Light’ of Publicity in the Progressive Era: From Searchlight to Flashlight,” Journalism History 30, no. 4 (Winter 2005): 178.

21 Jeffrey Rosen, Louis D. Brandeis: American Prophet (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016), 156–64.

22 William Hard, “The President and Mr. Brandeis,” Outlook, May 17, 1916, 109.

23 William Hard, “Unfair and Inexpedient,” Outlook, March 8, 1916, 540.

24 In 1912, Hapgood explained crusading as part of the ethical responsibility of the press. Norman Hapgood, “The Public and the Press,” A speech on discussion in the people’s forum, April 20, 1912, in the Norman Hapgood Papers at the Library of Congress.

25 In this brochure, which featured a large picture of him, Hapgood advertised his services as “available for lectures, debates, and lecture courses.” Norman Hapgood, brochure, in Hapgood Papers.

26 “The Supreme Court Vacancy,” Harper’s Weekly, January 22, 1916, 73.

27 B. A. Murphy, The Brandeis-Frankfurter Connection: The Secret Political Activities of Two Supreme Court Justices (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 39.

28 Melvin I. Urofsky, Louis D. Brandeis: A Life (New York: Schocken Books, 2009), 447.

29 Lee Epstein and Jeffrey A. Segal, Advice and Consent: The Politics of Judicial Appointments (New York: Oxford, 2005), 93, 143.

30 “Brandeis Named For Highest Court; Will Be Opposed,” New York Times, January 1, 1916, 1, 3.

31 Louis D. Brandeis, “The Living Law,” Harper’s Weekly, February 19, 1916, 173–4.

32 Alden L. Todd, Justice on Trial: The Case of Louis D. Brandeis (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964).

33 Urofsky, Brandeis: A Life, 447.

34 Walter Lippmann to Felix Frankfurter, February 16, 1916, in Lippmann Papers.

35 “War of Interests Against Brandeis,” New York Evening World, April 25, 1916, 124–29.

36 Erin Coyle, “The Moral Duty of Publicity: Louis Dembitz Brandeis’s Crusades for Reform in the Press and Public Affairs, 1890–1916,” Journalism History 35, no. 3 (Fall 2009): 162–7; Erin Coyle, “Sunlight and Shadows: Louis D. Brandeis on Privacy, Publicity, and Free Expression in American Democracy,” Touro Law Review, 33, no. 1 (2017): 213.

37 Louis D. Brandeis to Alfred Brandeis, February 12, 1916, in Melvin I. Urofsky & David W. Levy, eds., Letters of Louis D. Brandeis, Vol IV (Albany: State University of New York, 1975), 54.

38 Walter Lippmann to Felix Frankfurter, May 8, 1916, in Ronald Steel, Walter Lippmann and the American Century (Boston: Little Brown, 1980), 102.

39 Ibid., 63.

40 Ibid., 101–2.

41 Ibid., 102.

42 Norman Hapgood, The Changing Years, Reminiscences (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1930).

43 Louis D. Brandeis to Edwin Borchard, February 11, 1916, in Brandeis Papers. He wrote, “Perhaps the greatest pleasure which attended the nomination was the pleasure which it gave to our good friend Senator La Follette.”

44 Murphy, The Brandeis-Frankfurter Connection, 39.

45 George R. Nutter, “The Boston City Charter,” in National Municipal Review, edited by Clinton Rogers Woodruff (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Company, 1913), 538.

46 Nutter Diary, January 18, 1916.

47 Lewis L. Gould, America in the Progressive Era, 1890–1914 (London: Routledge, 2014). Muckraking reporters worked on investigations to expose corrupt government, social injustice and bad business practices, while editors and opinion leaders highlighted these causes in their magazines. Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism: A History, 1690–1960. (New York: Macmillan, 1962), 575.

48 Urofsky, Brandeis: A Life, 433.

49 Louis D. Brandeis, “The Living Law,” Harper’s Weekly, February 19, 1916, 173–4.

50 Felix Frankfurter to Walter Lippmann 1916, in Lippmann Papers.

51 Ibid.

52 William G. Ross, “The Supreme Court Appointment Process: A Search for a Synthesis,” Albany Law Review 57 (1994): 996.

53 Denis Steven Rutkus, Congressional Research Service: Supreme Court Appointment Process: Roles of the President, Judiciary Committee, and Senate, February 19, 2010, 20.

54 Ibid., 18.

55 Rutkus, Congressional Research Service, 18.

56 Ibid.

57 Ross, The Supreme Court Appointment Process, 996–97.

58 Ibid., 1031.

59 Undated Memo (1916), in Brandeis Papers. “Letters should contain so far as possible the following: 1. A statement of who the writer is, particularly of any public offices he has held, and the years of practice; 2. Statement of his knowledge of Brandeis; 3. A statement that he approves the confirmation; 4. An allusion to the fact that any opposition to this comes from a very narrow circle, and does not represent the real feeling of the community.”

60 Urofsky, Brandeis: A Life, 445; “Waking Up,” Harper’s Weekly, March 18, 1916, 288; “Tories and the Last Ditch,” Harper’s Weekly, May 13, 1916, 517; Spillenger, “Elusive Advocate: Reconsidering Brandeis as People's Lawyer,” 1445; Spelling, In re Nomination of Louis D. Brandeis.

61 New Republic to Louis Brandeis, January 28, 1916, in Brandeis Papers.

62 Hapgood, The Changing Years, 192.

63 Nutter Diary, January 28, 1916.

64 Samuel Fein to Louis D. Brandeis, January 31, 1916, in Brandeis Papers.

65 Ibid. Fein felt that Brandeis’s nomination was “the highest honor ever conferred upon one of the Jewish nationality.”

66 Felix Frankfurter to Editor of Boston Transcript, January 28, 1916, in Frankfurter Papers.

67 Nutter Diary, January 29, 1916.

68 Nathan A. Cole to Louis D. Brandeis, January 31, 1916, in Brandeis Papers. Brandeis sent the editor a courtesy response. Louis D. Brandeis to Nathan A. Cole, February 11, 1916, in Brandeis Papers.

69 Nutter Diary, January 31, 1916.

70 Louis D. Brandeis to Norman Hapgood, February 1, 1916, Brandeis, The Letters of Louis D. Brandeis, Vol. 4 (1916–1921), 27–31. Brandeis noted in this letter that Hapgood and Robert La Follette had suggested to contact prominent Jewish leaders and wanted names.

71 Ibid.

72 Walter Lippmann to Juliet Rublee, February 1, 1916, in Lippmann Papers.

73 Nutter Diary, February 2, 1916.

74 Felix Frankfurter to Walter Lippmann, February 2, 1916, in Lippmann Papers.

75 Walter Lippmann to Juliet Rublee, February 2, 1916, in Lippmann Papers.

76 Louis D. Brandeis to Herbert Croly, February 11, 1916, in Brandeis Papers, Brandeis, The Letters of Louis D. Brandeis, Vol. 4 (1916–1921), 45.

77 Louis D. Brandeis to Lee Weil, February 8, 1916, in Brandeis Papers.

78 Louis D. Brandeis to Alfred Brandeis, Feb. 10, 1916, in Brandeis Papers.

79 Louis D. Brandeis to Joseph E. Davies, February 12, 1916, in Brandeis Papers.

80 Nutter Diary, February 7, 1916. Nutter wrote that McClennen was staying in Washington “until this investigation by the Senate Sub-committee is over.”

81 Hamilton Holt, “Just the Man for Judge,” Independent, February 7, 1916, 185.

82 MacKenzie added, “I hope Mr. La Follette will make it the subject of his next editorial.” MacKenzie to Mrs. La Follette, February 2, 1916, in La Follette Family Papers.

83 Fred MacKenzie to Robert M. La Follette, Sr., February 10, 1916, in La Follette Family Papers.

84 “The Brandeis Nomination,” Harper’s Weekly, February 12, 1916, 146.

85 Nutter Diary, February 12, 1916.

86 Nutter Diary, February 13, 1916.

87 Nutter Diary, February 14, 1916.

88 Nutter wrote: “A Hard Day without Much Law in It! We Continued over Words for Letters,” Nutter Diary, February 16, 1916.

89 Louis D. Brandeis, “The Living Law,” Harper’s Weekly, February 19, 1916, 173–74; Louis D. Brandeis, “The Living Law,” Harper’s Weekly, February 26, 1916, 201–2.

90 “The Rumpus Over Brandeis,” Harper’s Weekly, February 19, 1916, 169.

91 Walter Lippmann to George Rublee, February 14, 1916, in Lippmann Papers.

92 Walter Lippmann to Felix Frankfurter, February 16, 1916, in Lippmann Papers.

93 Walter Lippmann to Louis Brandeis, February 18, 1916, in Lippmann Papers. “You know that if there is anything you think any one of us here can do you must not hesitate for any personal reason. The thing at stake is much greater than our personal affection for you.”

94 For example, see Arthur Brisbane to Louis Brandeis, February 18, 1916, in Lippmann Papers. Arthur Brisbane, editor of the New York Evening Journal, offered Brandeis space in his publications: “Either directly or through any of your friends I should be very glad to get suggestions.”

95 Nutter Diary, February 19, 1916.

96 Nutter Diary, February 20, 1916.

97 New Republic, February 26. 1916, 1.

98 Phillip S. Carchman. “The Confirmation of Louis D. Brandeis,” in Jews on Trial (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Jewish Center, 2005); Nutter Diary, February 23, 1916.

99 Nutter Diary, February 23, 1916.

100 “Better Unsaid,” Harper’s Weekly, February 26, 1916, 194.

101 Ibid. In that issue, Harper’s also reprinted a statement from the Montgomery, Alabama, Advertiser, indicating Harper’s originally suggested Brandeis for the high court. “Prophecies,” Harper’s Weekly, February 26, 1916, 216.

102 “Harvard and Lowell,” Harper’s Weekly, February 26, 1916, 194.

103 Walter Lippmann to Felix Frankfurter, February 29, 1916, in Lippmann Papers.

104 Nutter Diary, February 28, 1916; Nutter Diary, February 29, 1916.

105 Ibid.

106 Nutter Diary, March 1, 1916.

107 Louis D. Brandeis to Felix Frankfurter, March 1, 1916, in Lippmann Papers. A Pittsfield newspaper quoted a Weekly Underwriter article, which originally had mentioned the petition.

108 Felix Frankfurter to Walter Lippmann March 2, 1916, in Lippmann Papers; Arthur Brisbane to Louis Brandeis, February 18, 1916, in Lippmann Papers.

109 Felix Frankfurter to Walter Lippmann, March 2, 1916, in Lippmann Papers.

110 Lippmann also mentioned discussing a “significant” clipping in the Pittsfield Eagle, of which Brandeis had been aware. Walter Lippmann to Louis D. Brandeis, March 3, 1916, in Lippmann Papers.

111 Louis D. Brandeis to Norman Hapgood, March 14, 1916, Brandeis, The Letters of Louis D. Brandeis, Vol. 4 (1916–1921), 118–19. Also see Louis D. Brandeis to Felix Frankfurter, March 18, 1916, Brandeis, The Letters of Louis D. Brandeis, Vol. 4 (1916–1921), 129–30.

112 Ibid.

113 Nutter Diary, March 2, 1916.

114 Nutter Diary, March 3, 1916.

115 “Maybe,” Harper’s Weekly, March 4, 1916, 218.

116 Walter Lippmann to George Rublee, March 6, 1916, in Lippmann Papers.

117 Nutter Diary, March 6, 1916.

118 Nutter Diary, March 7, 1916.

119 Senator Weeks, at the request of Clarence W. Barron, William F. Fitzgerald, former Congressman Samuel L. Powers and other Bostonians, requested hearings include additional evidence. Nutter Diary, March 9, 1916.

120 George R. Nutter to Walter Lippmann, March 10, 1916, in Lippmann Papers.

121 Walter Lippmann to George R. Nutter, March 13, 1916, in Lippmann Papers.

122 Nutter Diary, March 13, 1916.

123 Nutter Diary, March 14, 1916.

124 Norman Hapgood to Walter Lippmann, March 16, 1916, in Lippmann Papers.

125 Walter Lippmann to Felix Frankfurter, March 16, 1916, in Lippmann Papers.

126 Walter Lippmann to Norman Hapgood, March 17, 1916, in Lippmann papers.

127 Nutter Diary, March 17, 1916; “Waking Up,” Harper’s Weekly, March 18, 1916, 288.

128 “Waking Up,” Harper’s Weekly, March 18, 1916, 288.

129 Walter Lippmann to Felix Frankfurter, March 21, 1916, in Lippmann Papers; Felix Frankfurter to Walter Lippmann, March 27, 1916, in Lippmann Papers.

130 Nutter wrote “The Newspaper Synopsis is so Incomplete and Misleading that I Shall not Report it Here. Walsh is for. Works Against.” Nutter Diary, April 3, 1916. He previously suggested that Senator Cummins voted against Brandeis due to presidential ambitions.

131 “The Committee’s Method,” Harper’s Weekly, April 1, 1916, 324–25.

132 Louis D. Brandeis to Edward McClennen, April 3, 1916, Brandeis, The Letters of Louis D. Brandeis, Vol. 4 (1916–1921), 145.

133 Nutter, McClennen & Fish letter to Louis D. Brandeis, April, 1916, in Brandeis Papers.

134 Louis D. Brandeis to Edward McClennen, April 6, 1916, in Brandeis Papers.

135 Ibid.

136 Edward F. McClennen, “List of Newspapers to which Favorable Reports Should be Mailed,” April 5, 1916, in Brandeis Papers. The list names sixty-five newspapers, including the New York Independent and the Outlook.

137 Nutter Diary, April 14, 1916.

138 Nutter Diary, April 25, 1916.

139 “War of Interests Against Brandeis,” New York Evening World, April 25, 1916, 124–29.

140 D. M. Brunswick, “A Parry from Harvard,” Harper’s Weekly, April 8, 1916, 384.

141 “Dean Thayer’s Views,” Harper’s Weekly, April 15, 1916, 388.

142 “From the Brandeis Records,” Harper’s Weekly, April 29, 1916, 455.

143 Nutter Diary, April 28, 1916.

144 Nutter Diary, April 29, 1916.

145 Nutter Diary, April 30, 1916.

146 Nutter Diary, May 1, 1916.

147 Nutter Diary, May 2, 1916.

148 Nutter Diary, May 1, 1916.

149 Nutter Diary, May 3, 1916.

150 “Read and handle these two reports from sources that Brandeis says are very important,” Frankfurter wrote. Felix Frankfurter to Walter Lippmann (date written as Saturday [1916]), in Lippmann Papers.

151 Nutter Diary, May 4, 1916.

152 Felix Frankfurter to Walter Lippmann 1916 (undated), in Lippmann Papers. Frankfurter, also gave Lippmann editorial advice on how to support Brandeis.

153 Walter Lippmann to Felix Frankfurter, May 6, 1916, in Lippmann Papers.

154 Louis D. Brandeis to William Hard, May 26, 1916, Brandeis, The Letters of Louis D. Brandeis, Vol. 4 (1916–1921), 198.

155 Louis D. Brandeis to Ray Stannard Baker, May 2, 1916, Brandeis, The Letters of Louis D. Brandeis, Vol. 4 (1916–1921), 177.

156 Walter Lippmann to Felix Frankfurter, May 6, 1916, in Lippmann Papers.

157 Walter Lippmann to William Hard, May 6, 1916, in Lippmann Papers.

158 President Wilson to Senator Culberson, May 8, 1916, in Frankfurter papers.

159 Nutter Diary, May 8, 1916.

160 “Tories and the Last Ditch,” Harper’s Weekly, May 13, 1916, 517.

161 Nutter Diary, May 11, 1916.

162 Urofsky, Brandeis: A Life, 458.

163 Nutter Diary, May 13, 1916.

164 Nutter Diary, May 15, 1916.

165 Nutter Diary, May 18, 1916.

166 Clipping in Nutter Diary, May 20, 1916.

167 Editorial, “Disgraceful Delay in the Brandeis Case,” Evening Journal, April 25, 1916, 2. Brandeis wrote Brisbane, thanking him for the editorial. Louis D. Brandeis to Arthur Brisbane, May 1, 1916, Brandeis, The Letters of Louis D. Brandeis, Vol. 4 (1916–1921), 175.

168 “The Brandeis Heresy Trial,” Independent, May 22, 1916, 265.

169 Nutter Diary, May 23, 1916.

170 Nutter Diary, May 24, 1916.

171 Walter Lippmann to George Rublee, May 24, 1916.

172 Nutter Diary, May 26, 1916. Nutter wrote that he drafted part of that report and McClennen offered to help write part of that report.

173 Nutter Diary, May 28, 1916.

174 Nutter Diary, June 1, 1916.

175 Robert La Follette to Louis D. Brandeis, June 15, 1916, in Brandeis Papers.

176 Louis D. Brandeis to Hamilton Holt, June 14, 1916, Brandeis, The Letters of Louis D. Brandeis, Vol. 4 (1916–1921), 221.

177 Louis D. Brandeis to Norman Hapgood, June 2, 1916, Brandeis, The Letters of Louis D. Brandeis, Vol. 4 (1916–1921), 210.

178 Rainer Mathes and Barbara Pfetsch wrote about spill-over effects in “The Role of the Alternative Press in the Agenda-building Process: Spill-over Effects and Media Opinion Leadership,” European Journal of Communication 6, no. 1 (March 1991): 33–62.

179 “War of Interests Against Brandeis,” New York Evening World, April 25, 1916, 124–29.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Erin Coyle

Erin Coyle is an associate professor of media law and journalism in the Manship School of Mass Communication at Louisiana State University.

Elisabeth Fondren

Elisabeth Fondren is an assistant professor of journalism in the Collins College of Professional Studies at St. John’s University.

Joby Richard

Joby Richard is a school counselor at Hathaway High School in Jennings, Louisiana. He earned his J.D. and M.M.C. at Louisiana State University.