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ABSTRACT
Mixers are widely used in chemical and hydrometallurgical processes. For instance, one of the greatest challenges in the field of hydrometallurgy process is agitation made by impeller inside mixers. Solvent extraction is a process for separating components in solution by their distribution between two immiscible liquids. Dynamic mixers are qualified as efficient vessels for mixing in processes accompanied by mass, momentum and heat transfer and chemical reaction. One of the advantages of this type of receptacles is their high productivity. In this study, recent conceptual and technological innovations in various dynamic mixers are reviewed. For this purpose, geometrical, operational, and physical effective parameters in the most important research are investigated. In addition, optimal parameters, drop size measurement, and distribution are discussed. Current industrial applications and efficiency are discussed from a process perspective, focusing on mixing. Considering the development of flow equipment in various flow regimes, advances in this field will play a crucial role in scientific and industrial communities. For design and optimization of the dynamic mixers, some models are used. The model structure is selected based on its good compromise between accuracy and complexity. Validation of the computational fluid dynamics models with experimental data by using progressive methods resulted in realistic simulations. In recent researches, there has been an increasing interest in the development of alternative designs for improvements of key elements, such as geometry of baffles, mixer vessels, impellers, operational parameters of mixers and impellers, etc.
Nomenclature
| = | Specific interfacial area (L−1) | |
| = | Impeller blade thickness (L) | |
| = | Impeller diameter (L) | |
| = | Droplet diameter (L) | |
| = | Sauter mean diameter (L) | |
| = | Maximum stable drop diameter (L) | |
| = | Number probability density distribution ( | |
| = | Impeller speed (T−1) | |
| = | Impeller power number | |
| P | = | Pressure |
| = | Fluid specific gravity | |
| = | Tank diameter (L) | |
| = | Volume of aqueous phase | |
| = | Volume of organic phase | |
| = | Width of the impeller blade (L) | |
| = | Generalized Weber group | |
| = | Impeller Weber number |
Greek letters
| μt | = | Turbulent viscosity |
| Μ | = | Dynamic viscosity |
| = | Density of continuous phase (ML−3) | |
| = | Density of dispersed phase (ML−3) | |
| = | Effective density of the dispersion (ML−3) | |
| = | Interfacial tension (MT−2) | |
| = | Local dispersed phase hold-up (−) | |
| = | Specific turbulent energy dissipation rate (L2 T−3) |