https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9764-2987
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Notes
1 For example, at least 43 companies in six continents contribute to the manufacturing of iPhones (Ganapati and Wong Citation2023). In contrast, a single manufacturing complex in Cicero, Illinois made almost all telephone handsets in the United States in 1905. Although Western Electric sourced raw materials from other firms and countries, most intermediate components were manufactured internally (Ganapati and Wong Citation2023).
2 She notes that about 40% of the average Mexican import and 25% of the average Canadian import is US made. This compares with only 4% for the average Chinese import (21).
3 These calculations use data from World Bank (Citation2023).
4 Italy’s per capita GDP was $51,865, and its annual average growth rate was 0.6%.