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Notes
1 “The Cost of Living in New York has Risen by About 23% Over the Past Five Years [2009–2014]”, The Economist, May 2, 2015 blog, http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/03/daily-chart
2 Vivian Yee, “Cuomo to Continue Shrinking State's Share of CUNY Costs,” New York Times, January 14, 2016.
3 The budget increase for the CUNY senior colleges was less than 1 percent – below the rate of inflation. “2016–17 State Enacted Budget,” City University of New York, April 1, 2016.
4 Jon Campbell, “New York Budget Secrecy Spurs Critics,” Press & Sun Bulletin, March 31, 2016.
5 The increase in revenue for the senior colleges is a mere 0.9 percent, leading CUNY administrators to announce that budget cuts would be necessary in the 2016–17 school year. “2016–17 State Enacted Budget,” City University of New York, April 1, 2016.
6 Marc Edelman, “When is a ‘Raise’ not a Raise? The CUNY Faculty Union Deal,” Gotham Gazette, June 29, 2016
7 David W. Chen, “Dreams Stall as CUNY, New York City's Engine of Mobility, Sputters,” New York Times, May 29, 2016.
8 Bill Mahoney, “Hedge Funds and Real Estate Dominate Cuomo Donor List,” Politico New York, January 19, 2016
9 Kim Moody, From Welfare State to Real Estate (New York: New Press, 2007), 24.
10 Katia Savchuk, “New York is the City with the Most Billionaires, Not Beijing,” Forbes, March 1, 2016.
11 For an excellent introduction to why government is generally biased towards business and hostile to labor, see the March 27, 2007 “Capitalism and the State” lecture by Vivek Chibber at the Brecht Forum in NYC: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R5R-9X_BtP4
12 There were 11,727 part-time members of the faculty in 2014, compared to 7698 full-time faculty (Staff Facts, Fall 2014, Office of Human Resources Management, CUNY). Many of the part-time professors receive as little as $3000 per course, prompting calls for a $7000 minimum per three-credit course. See the statement by the Doctoral Student Council: http://cunyadjunctproject.org/2014/12/16/1131/
13 Wayne Barrett, “Andrew Cuomo's $2 Million Man,” Village Voice, August 29, 2006; David M. Halbfinger, “Bond with Past Foe is Fodder for Attack on Cuomo,” New York Times, October 14, 2010.
14 Jonathan Camhi, “Critics Attack Influence of the Committee to Save New York,” Gotham Gazette, May 3, 2012.
15 Chris Good, “David Koch and Wife Gave Gov. Andrew Cuomo $87K,” The Atlantic, March 31, 2011.
16 Seymour P. Lachman, Three Men in a Room: The Inside Story of Power and Betrayal in an American Statehouse (New York: New Press, 2006), 24.
17 Daniel Geiger, “Cuomo's Biggest Donor is Also the Oldest,” Crain's New York, November 3, 2014, http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20141103/POLITICS/141039941/cuomos-biggest-donor-is-also-the-oldest
18 Greg B. Smith, “NYC Buildings Show Connection Between Albany Corruption and Real Estate Industry, with Developers Saving Millions on Taxes,” New York Daily News, May 9, 2015.
20 Cuomo 2014, http://andrewcuomo.com/record-of-success/the-economy/
21 PEF didn’t concede without a fight, holding rallies throughout the state in which members chanted, “Cuomo Doesn’t Care, Unless You’re a Millionaire.” Ari Paul and Peter Hogness, “NY State Workers Held ‘Hostage’: Gov's Threats Win Concessions,” Clarion, August 2011.
22 Peter Hogness, “SUNY Union Agrees to 5-Year Deal with No Raises for First Three Years,” Clarion, March 2013.
23 Thomas Kaplan and John Eligon, “New York Lawmakers Vote to Limit Public Pensions,” New York Times, March 14, 2012.
24 Peter Hogness, “Harsh New Pension Law Approved: Tier 6 Slams Future CUNY Employees,” Clarion, April 2012.
25 Jimmy Vielkind, “On Wage Hike, Business Leaders Give Cuomo Benefit of the Doubt,” Politico New York, September 18, 2015.
26 Joseph Spector, “Power in Money: How Big Bucks Fuel Policy in N.Y.,” Democrat & Chronicle, March 22, 2015; Liz Benjamin, “A Guide to What the Big Cuomo Donors want in 2015,” Politico New York, December 8, 2014.
27 “#Hedgepaper No. 4: How Hedge Funds Purchased Albany's Lawmakers,” Hedge Clippers, March 4, 2015, http://hedgeclippers.org/hedge-funds-albany/
28 Matthew J. Brouillette, “At Last, Scrutiny for Public-Union Deals,” Wall Street Journal, May 21, 2105.
29 Tim Reed, “Educators Fight Back Against Pension Attacks Across the Country,” Education Votes, February 27, 2014, http://educationvotes.nea.org/2014/02/27/educators-fight-back-against-pension-attacks-across-the-country/
30 Tammy Gamerman, David Friedfel, and Jamison Dague, “Report Card: New York State Executive Budget, Fiscal Year 2016-2017,” Citizens Budget Commission, January 21, 2016.
31 Eric Orden, “Cuomo Turns to Wall Street for Top Aide,” Wall Street Journal, January 11, 2015; Louis Flores, “With New Secretary Pick in William Mulrow, Gov. Cuomo deepens ties to Wall Street,” Progress Queens, January 12, 2015
32 Jonathan Alter, “Schwarzman: ‘It's a War’ Between Obama, Wall St.,” Newsweek, August 15, 2010
33 Nelson D. Schwartz, “Economists Take Aim at Wealth Inequality,” New York Times, January 3, 2016.
34 Martin Gilens and Benjamin I. Page, “Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens,” Perspectives on Politics, vol. 12, no. 3 (September 2014), https://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/mgilens/files/gilens_and_page_2014_-testing_theories_of_american_politics.doc.pdf
35 Richard M. Miller, Analyzing Marx: Morality, Power and History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 107.
36 Peter Coy, “The Richest Rich Are in a Class by Themselves,” Bloomberg Business, April 3, 2014.
37 Jesse McKinley, “Cuomo Strikes Deal to Keep Alcoa Plant and 600 Jobs Upstate,” New York Times, November 25, 2015.
38 “Keep the Promise of CUNY, Invest in Opportunity for All,” Professional Staff Congress, Spring 2015, 4.
39 Testimony of NYC Comptroller Scott M. Stringer before the State Legislative Committee on the State Budget for Local Government, January 26, 2016, http://comptroller.nyc.gov/newsroom/new-york-city-comptroller-scott-m-stringer-delivers-testimony-on-2016-2017-proposed-state-budget/
40 “Keep the Promise of CUNY, Invest in Opportunity for All,” PSC, Spring 2015.
41 Michael Mitchell, Michael Leachman, and Kathleen Masterson, “State Cuts to Higher Education Threaten Quality and Affordability at Public Colleges,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, May 26, 2016.
42 For an excellent presentation about contingent labor, see the documentary “Con Job: Stories of Adjunct & Contingent Labor,” whose opening sentence is, “If anyone wants to know what late capitalism in the 21st century looks like, go to the university and you’ll see it, it's there.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SlmWBEz4bfo
43 Neil Irwin, “Job Growth in Past Decade Was in Temp and Contract,” New York Times, March 31, 2016.
44 Nelson D. Schwartz, “U.S. Growth and Employment Data Tell Different Stories,” New York Times, January 18, 2016.
45 Ben Henry and Allyson Fredericksen, “Low Wage Nation,” Alliance for a Just Society, January 2015, https://jobgap2013.files.wordpress.com/2015/01/lowwagenation2015.pdf
46 Table 8. Occupations with the largest number of job openings due to growth and replacement needs, 2012 and projected 2022,” Economic News Release, Bureau of Labor Statistics, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/ecopro.t08.htm
47 Richard Vedder, Christopher Denhart, and Jonathan Robe, “Why Are Recent College Graduates Underemployed,” Center for College Affordability and Productivity, January 2013 (http://centerforcollegeaffordability.org/uploads/Underemployed%20Report%202.pdf), 12.
48 Ibid, 21.
49 “New York City's Millennials in Recession and Recovery,” Office of the New York City Comptroller Scott M. Stringer, Bureau of Budget, April 2016.
50 Patricia Cohen, “For Recent Black College Graduates, a Tougher Road to Employment,” New York Times, December 25, 2014.
51 Joe Burns, Strike Back: Using the Militant Tactics of Labor's Past to Reignite Public Sector Unionism Today, (New York: IG Publishing, 2014), 10, 184.
52 Ibid., 14, 99.
53 Kate Montgomery Swearengen, “Tailoring the Taylor Law: Restoring a Balance of Power to Bargaining,” Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems, Vol. 44 issue 4 (Summer 2011).
54 “ILO Finds New York Strike Ban Violates Workers' Human Rights,” Transit Workers Union, AFL-CIO, November 16, 2011.
55 Fiscal Policy Institute, “New York's Top 1% See All Income Gains Since Recession,” January 26, 2015, http://fiscalpolicy.org/new-york’s-top-1-see-all-income-gains-since-recession