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Notes
1. See the United Nations 2006 International Migration Report, http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/2006Migration_Chart/Migration2006.pdf.
2. Concerns about rising xenophobia have led to the organization of events such as the 2001 World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerance (held in Durban, South Africa) and the 2002 conference in Budapest entitled “Understanding Xenophobia in Eastern Europe.”
3. Darko Suvin, “Immigration in Europe Today: Apartheid or Civil Cohabitation?” Critical Quarterly 50, 1–2 (Spring–Summer 2008), 208.
4. See Darko Suvin, “Displaced Persons,” New Left Review 31 (January–February 2005), 107–20, and Marc Cooper, “Death on the Border,” The Nation, October 18, 2004.
5. See UNHCR, Refugees by Number 2006, and Protecting Refugees and the Role of the UNHCR, 2007–08, both available online at http://www.unhcr.org; and Nick Cumming-Bruce, “World's Refugee Count in 2007 Exceeded 11 Million, U.N. Says,” New York Times, June 18, 2008, 8.
6. See David Bacon, “The Political Economy of International Migration,” New Labor Forum 16, 3–4 (Fall 2007), 57–69.
7. Jason DeParle, “A Global Trek to Poor Nations, From Poorer Ones,” New York Times, December 27, 2007. See also Dilip Ratha and William Shaw, “South-South Migration and Remittances,” http://www.worldbank.org.
8. Nancy V. Yinger, “Feminization of Migration,” http://www.prb.org; Hania Zlotnik, “Global Dimensions of Female Migration,” Migration Policy Institute, 2003, http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=109; and Cecilia Lipssyc, “The Feminization of Migration: Dreams and Realities of Migrant Women in Four Latin American Countries,” http://www.diba.es/urbal12/PDFS/CeciliaLipszyc_en.pdf.
9. Jose Moya, “Domestic Service in a Global Perspective: Gender, Migration and Ethnic Niches,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 33, 4 (May 2007), 559–79.
10. UNFPA State of World Population 2006, “A Passage of Hope: Women and International Migration,” http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2006.
11. See for example M. Gaillard, “Brain Drain to Brain Gain,” UNESCO Sources 132 (March 2001), 4–8.
12. Randolph Bourne, Trans-National America (1916) reprinted in Bourne, War and the Intellectuals: Collected Essays (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1999), 107–23.
13. Nina Glick-Schiller, Linda Basch, and Cristina Szanton-Blanc, “From Immigrant to Transmigrant: Theorizing Transnational Migration,” Anthropological Quarterly 68, 1 (1995), 52. See also by the same authors Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Class, Ethnicity, and Nationalism Reconsidered (New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1992); Ewa Morawska, “Immigrants, Transnationalism, and Ethnicization: A Comparison of This Great Wave and the Last,” in E Pluribus Unum? Contemporary and Historical Perspectives on Immigrant Political Incorporation, ed. Gary Gerstle and John H. Mollenkopf (New York: Russell Sage, 1999), 175–212; Roger Waldinger and David Fitzgerald, “Transnationalism in Question,” American Journal of Sociology 109, 5 (March 2004), 1177–95.
14. Alejandro Portes, Luis E. Guarnizo, and Patricia Landolt, “The Study of Transnationalism: Pitfalls and Promise of an Emergent Research Field,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 22, 2 (March 1999), 217.
15. See for example Michael Hardt and Toni Negri, Multitude (New York: Penguin Press, 2004).
16. Luigi Ferrajoli, “Dai diritti del cittadino ai diritti della persona,” in La cittadinanza, ed. D. Zolo (Rome: Laterza, 1994), cited in Suvin, “Immigration in Europe Today,” 221.
17. See the following articles published in the New York Times: Julia Preston, “Immigration Sweep Ends in 280 Arrests at 5 Plants,” April 17, 2008, A20; Damien Cave, “Local Officials Adopt New, Harder Tactics on Illegal Immigrants,” June 9, 2008, A1; and “In Smaller Numbers, Marchers Seek Immigrants’ Rights,” May 2, 2008, A12. See also Roberto Lovato, “Juan Crow in Georgia,” The Nation, May 26, 2008.
18. See “Immigration Policy in U.S. Is Criticized by U.N.,” March 8, 2008, A1; Nina Bernstein, “Few Details on Immigrants Who Died in US Custody,” May 5, 2008, A1; and “Immigrants Challenge Federal Detention System,” May 1, 2008, B3, all in the New York Times; and Darryl Fears, “Illegal Immigrants Received Poor Care In Jail, Lawyers Say,” Washington Post, June 13, 2007, 4.
19. “Italian's Detention Illustrates Dangers Foreign Visitors Face,” New York Times, May 14, 2008, A14.
20. Bacon, “The Political Economy of International Migration,” 57.
21. For a full description of the bill see “H.R. 4437: Border Protection, Antiterrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005,” http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h109–4437 and http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:h.r.04437. For a critical analysis of who voted for the bill and why see Joel S. Fetzer, “Why Did House Members Vote for H.R. 4437?” International Migration Review 40, 3 (Fall 2006), 698–706.
22. “Immigration, Off the Books,” New York Times, April 17, 2008, A28.
23. See “H.R. 4088 The SAVE (Secure America with Verification and Enforcement) Act of 2007,” http://www.numbersusa.com/PDFs/SAVEActSBS.pdf
24. See Emily Bazar, “Strict Immigration Law Rattles Okla. Businesses Cave,” USA Today, January 9, 2008. See also “Local Officials Adopt New, Harder Tactics on Illegal Immigrants,” and Anthony Faiola, “States’ Immigrant Policies Diverge,” Washington Post, October 15, 2007, 1.
25. Lovato, “Juan Crow in Georgia.” Cited also in the essay by Hayduk and Jones in this volume.
26. See Jesse Díaz and Javier Rodríguez, “Undocumented in America,” New Left Review 47 (September/October 2007), 97–98; and John Broader, “Immigration, From a Simmer to a Scream,” New York Times, Week in Review, May 21, 2006.
27. Elisabeth Rosenthal, “Italy Arrests Hundreds of Immigrants,” New York Times, May 16, 2008, A6.
28. See “Rome v Roma,” The Economist, May 22, 2008; and Elisabetta Povoledo, “Berlusconi Unveils Anti-Crime Measures for Italy,” International Herald Tribune, May 21, 2008.
29. See Peter Stalker, “Migration Trends and Migration Policy in Europe,” International Migration 40, 5 (2002), 151–76.
30. Caroline Brothers, “European Union Passes Measure Allowing Migrants to Be Detained 18 Months,” New York Times, June 19, 2008, A6.
31. Jason DeParle, “Born Irish, but with Illegal Parents,” New York Times, February 25, 2008.
32. Atif Kubursi, “The Economics of Migration and Remittances Under Globalization,” 2, 11, http://www.un.org/docs/ecosoc/meetings/2006/hls2006/Preparatory/Statements/Kubursi_RT6.pdf.
33. Kubursi, “The Economics of Migration and Remittances Under Globalization,” 2.
34. Heikki S. Mattila, “Protection of Migrants’ Human Rights: Principles and Practices,” International Migration 38, 6 (February 2000), 60.
35. Michael Kimmelman, “For Blacks in France, Obama's Rise Is Reason to Rejoice, and to Hope,” New York Times, June 17, 2008, E1, 5.
36. Suvin, “Immigration in Europe Today,” 212.
37. Cf. Adriano Sofri, “Il vento xenofobo e le colpe della sinistra,” La Repubblica, May 20, 2008, 1, 53.
38. See for example Samuel Huntington, Who Are We? The Challenges to America's National Identity (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004).
39. For a thorough discussion of the English-only movement see Andrew Hartman, “Language as Oppression: The English Only Movement in the United States,” Socialism and Democracy 17, 1 (2003).
40. Fazal Rizvi and Bob Lingard, “Edward Said and the cultural politics of education,” Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 27, 3 (2006), 293–308. Cited in Susan Dicker's article.
41. See “TX: Muslim Speakers Outrage Parents,” http://islamonline.com/news/ newsfull.php?newid=127443; and Rhiannon Meyers, “Principal loses job in ‘Islam 101’ furor,” Daily News, June 6, 2008.
42. See Andrea Elliott, “Her Dream, Branded as a Threat: How a Chorus of Critics Cost a Muslim Educator Her School,” New York Times, April 28, 2008, A1.
43. An excellent book in this regard is The Politics of Immigration, ed. Jane Guskin and David L. Wilson (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2007).
44. Susanne Jonas, “Reflections on the Great Immigration Battle of 2006 and the Future of the Americas,” Social Justice 33, 1 (2006), 18.
45. Jason DeParle, “World Banker and His Cash Return Home,” New York Times, March 17, 2008, and “In a World on the Move, a Tiny Land Strains to Cope,” June 24, 2007.
46. Suvin, “Immigration in Europe Today,” 218.