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Brief Report

Uremic toxins: some thoughts on acrolein and spermine

Pages 1755-1758 | Received 18 Jan 2016, Accepted 20 Aug 2016, Published online: 19 Oct 2016
 

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by the progressive reduction of glomerular filtration rate and subsequent retention of organic waste compounds called uremic toxins. While patients with CKD are at a higher risk of premature death due to cardiovascular complications, this increased risk cannot be completely explained by classical cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. Instead, recent research suggests that uremic toxins may play a key role in explaining this marked increase in cardiovascular mortality in patients with CKD. While spermine, a tetra-amine, has previously been hypothesized to act as an uremic toxin, the following review presents a summary of recent literature that casts doubt on this assertion. Instead, acrolein, an oxidative product of spermine and the triamine spermidine, is likely responsible for the toxic effects previously attributed to spermine.

Disclosure statement

The author reports no conflicts of interest. The author alone is responsible for the content and writing of this article.

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