Abstract
Background
Tremendous scientific researches have been conducted in the field of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), while few bibliometric analyses have been performed. We aim to identify 100 top-cited published articles about DKD and analyze their main characteristics quantitatively.
Methods
Web of Science was searched with the term ‘diabetic kidney disease’ OR ‘diabetic nephropathy’ to identify the top 100 most cited articles. For articles meeting the predefined criteria, the following data were extracted and analyzed: citation ranking, publication year, publication journal, journal impact factor, country and institution, authors, study type, and keywords.
Results
The highest number of citations was 4753 times. The median average citations per year was 21.8 (IQR, 16.6–33.0). Most articles focused on the pathogenesis and treatment. These articles were published in 25 different journals and the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology published the greatest number (20%). Forty-three articles (43%) originated from the United States. The University of Groningen was the leading institute, contributing five top-cited articles. The most frequent first author was de Zeeuw (n = 4), followed by Parving (n = 3). There was no correlation between the average citations and the number of authors, the number of institutes, or the number of funds, respectively. Experimental animal study was the research type most frequently conducted (n = 30), followed by observational study (n = 24). Keyword analysis revealed transforming growth factor-β, oxidative stress, proteinuria, and renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system interruption are classic research topics. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists, and anti-inflammatory agents are the emerging trends of DKD.
Conclusions
This bibliometric analysis helps in identifying the milestones, inadequacies, classic hotspots, and emerging trends of DKD. Pathogenesis and treatment are core themes in DKD research, while high-quality articles on the prediction and biomarker are insufficient. New analyzing metrics are needed to assess the actual impact of these top-cited articles on clinical practice.
1. Introduction
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and is also associated with substantial cardiovascular risk and mortality [Citation1,Citation2]. Despite much efforts on blood pressure control, glycemic control, and lifestyle interventions, DKD is still a progressive disease. There is a boom of scientific literature in the field of DKD along with the growing DKD incidence rate worldwide. In Web of Science Core Collection, searching with ‘diabetic kidney disease’ or ‘diabetic nephropathy’ and their permutations retrieved approximately 31,373 literatures published since 1985.
Bibliometrics is a method of quantitative science to analyze research publications and increased markedly concomitant with the sharp expansion of literature. Citation analysis is an important methodology frequently used in bibliometrics and allows identification of the seminal papers, outstanding institutes or scientists, progressions, and the emerging trends in a specific field [Citation3,Citation4].
There are unchanging parts and changing parts in the DKD research field over the past few decades. For example, the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) blockers are still first-line antihypertensive agents for DKD renoprotection. Randomized control trials indicated angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)/angiotensin receptor blockade (ARB) combination therapy or direct renin inhibition as add-on therapy to ACEI/ARB treatment is not superior, or even inferior to single RASS blocker [Citation5–8]. Meanwhile, growing evidence is promoting the shift from classic oral hypoglycemic agents to sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), as the latter two may offer renoprotection independent of glycemic control [Citation9–13]. A quantitative analysis of the top-cited articles would help in revealing these milestones and progressions, identifying the present shortages and emerging trends, and guiding the future research direction of DKD. Nevertheless, no quantitative study of the top 100 most cited articles in the field of DKD has been performed.
This study was conducted to evaluate the seminal scientific output in the field of DKD through quantitatively analyzing the detailed characteristics of the selected articles, including citation ranking, publication year, publication journal, journal impact factor (IF), country and institution of origin, authorship, study type, and keywords.
2. Methods
2.1. Identification of the 100 top-cited articles
In December 2020, Thomson Reuters Web of Science [Citation14] was used to query published articles in the field of DKD with the retrieval strategy: TS=(‘diabetic kidney disease’) OR TS=(‘diabetic nephropathy’). The inclusion criteria were as follows: publication with core subject as DKD; defined as ‘journal article’, or ‘original article’ or its synonymous expression. We excluded position papers, guidelines, reviews, meta-analysis, letters, case reports, or editorials. For revealing the classic hotspots and the emerging trends, we restricted the publication year from 2000 to 2020. The 100 top-cited articles were independently assessed and characterized by two reviewers (Z. Huang and H. Zhang). Discrepancies were resolved by consensus.
2.2. Citation analysis metrics
The following data of each eligible article were extracted: publication title, the number of total citations, average citations per year since publication, publication year, publication journal, journal IF, country and institution of origin, authors, type of the study, and keywords. Keywords were manually confirmed and unified before analysis (e.g., tgf-beta, TGF-beta signaling, transforming growth factor beta, transforming growth factor-β, growth-factor-beta, and so forth, are unified as TGF-beta). Keywords Plus which provided little information was eliminated from analysis (e.g., disease). The overall design of this study referred to several previous bibliometric literatures [Citation15–18].
2.3. Statistical analysis and bibliometric networks
Statistical analysis was performed by the R Programming Language (version 4.0.2, Vienna, Austria) [Citation19]. Continuous variables were expressed as the means with standard deviations (SDs), while discrete variables were expressed as the medians with interquartile ranges (IQRs). Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used for correlation analysis. Data visualization was performed by Python package Pandas (version 1.1.0) and Matplotlib (version 3.3.1) [Citation20,Citation21]. VOS viewer software (version 1.6.15, Leiden University Center for Science and Technology Studies, Leiden, Netherlands) was used to create the construct networks for country coauthorship and institution coauthorship [Citation22].
3. Results
3.1. The identified top 100 cited articles
The 100 top-cited articles were summarized in descending order according to the number of total citations (). The most frequently cited article in the field of DKD has been cited 4753 times. The median number of citations was 282 (IQR, 241–372). As total citations partially depend on publication year, we also add a column of average citations adjusted by publication year. In the list of top 10 articles according to the average citations, six articles were published in recent 10 years (data not shown). The maximum and median average citations per year were 237.7 and 21.8 (IQR, 16.6–33.0), respectively.
Table 1. The top 100 cited articles in diabetic kidney disease.
3.2. Top cited articles per year
Publishing date spanned from 2000 to 2017, with a mean of 5.6 papers published per year. The largest number of literatures was published in the year 2003 (n = 15). The year 2003 and 2011 contributed 25 out of the 100 top-cited articles. Many top-cited articles focused on the pathogenesis of DKD (n = 44), followed by DKD treatment (n = 34) ().
Figure 1. The publication year distribution of the 100 top-cited articles.
3.3. Journal distribution of top cited articles
The 100 top-cited articles were published in 25 different journals and the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology published the greatest number of these articles (20%), followed by Diabetes (16%), Kidney International (11%), and New England Journal of Medicine (8%) (). The median IF of these journals was 9.27 (IQR, 7.72–12.9). The journal with the highest IF (74.7) was the New England Journal of Medicine. The journal American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology had the minimum IF (3.14) and had published three articles. Thirteen out of the 100 top-cited articles were published in seven different journals with an IF lower than 5.
Figure 2. The journal distribution of the 100 top-cited articles.
3.4. Analysis of country and institute
The first author of the publication determines the origin of the country and institution. The 100 most frequently cited articles emanated from 16 different countries. The United States contributed nearly half of these articles (n = 43), followed by Japan (n = 15) and Australia (n = 9) (). Country coauthorship analysis reflects the collaborations between countries as well as the influence of countries in the field. shows the countries which coauthored five or more articles. The circle size is positively correlated with the number of articles coauthored by a country. The distance between two countries approximately indicates the relatedness of the countries in terms of coauthorship links. The United States was the most influential country, followed by Japan, Germany, and Australia.
Figure 3. The country distribution of the 100 top-cited articles.
Figure 4. The network map of countries which coauthored five or more articles.
The leading institutions with two or more top-cited articles are shown in . The University of Groningen from the Netherlands was the leading institute contributing the highest number of papers (n = 5). University of Pittsburgh, Monash Medical Centre, Steno Diabetes Center, Joslin Diabetes Center, University of Washington, Beckman Research Institute, and University of Melbourne, each contributed three papers. An institution coauthorship network was plotted to visualize the collaborations between institutions as well as the influence of institutions in the field. Institutions that coauthored five or more articles are shown in . Harvard University from the United States, the Steno Diabetes Center from Denmark, and the Brigham & Women's Hospital from the United States were the top three most influential intuitions with the largest number of coauthorship publications.
Figure 5. The institutions of two or more articles in the 100 top-cited articles.
Figure 6. The network map of institutions which coauthored five or more articles.
3.5. Analysis of authors
A total of 90 distinct first authors contributed to the 100 top-cited articles. The most productive author was de Zeeuw (n = 4), followed by Parving (n = 3). Five authors each contributed two articles (). The coauthors contributing five or more articles of the 100 top-cited articles were also summarized in [Citation7,Citation23–48,Citation50,Citation51]. The median number of contributing authors for the 100 top-cited articles was nine (IQR, 6–12). A multicenter observational study (EDIC study) published in the year 2003 had 264 authors in collaboration.
Table 2. The authors of two or more articles as first author or of five or more as coauthor.
3.6. Analysis of correlations
There was no correlation between average citations and the number of authors (r = 0.10, p>.05), the number of institutes (r = 0.30, p<.05), or the number of funds (r = 0.04, p>.05), respectively.
3.7. Analysis of type of study
Among 100 top-cited articles, 30 publications were experimental animal study, followed by observational study (n = 24), randomized controlled trial (RCT) (n = 21), and in vivo (animal) and in vitro study (n = 20). Half of the top-cited papers involved diabetic animal models (n = 50) ().
Table 3. Classification of the 100 top-cited articles based on type of study.
3.8. Analysis of keywords
As the author keywords of some top-cited articles are not available, all keywords (including both Author keywords and Keywords Plus) were used for keywords analysis. A total of 577 character-different keywords were identified from the 100 top-cited articles. After manually confirmed and refined, the top 10 most frequent keywords and their frequency are summarized in .
Table 4. The top 10 most frequent keywords of the top-cited articles.
4. Discussion
Bibliometrics is a method to quantitatively analyze research publications and their performance [Citation3,Citation52]. DKD is a global health epidemic with an explosive expansion of related scientific publications during the past few decades. However, bibliometric analysis of top-cited articles in this field has yet to be performed. This bibliometric study identified the 100 top-cited articles in the field of DKD and evaluated their main characteristics quantitatively. The analysis explored the distribution of these articles in terms of citation ranking, publication year, publication journal, country and institution of origin, authorship, and keywords. In addition, we created the network maps to analyze country coauthorship and institution coauthorship.
The most-cited article was by Brenner published in 2001 (cited 4753 times) [Citation23]. Notably, the top two most-cited articles based on total citations are all RCTs related to RAAS interruption (the investigational products are losartan and irbesartan, respectively) [Citation23,Citation24], and this is in accord with the important role of ACEI or ARB in the clinical management of DKD. The analysis of the 100 top-cited articles reveals the bias of time on total citations. Most of these articles (n = 69) were published a decade ago and none in recent 5 years appears in the list of top 15. Thus, we rearranged these articles according to average citations per year. Consequently, a RCT of liraglutide (a GLP-1RAs) published in 2017 ranked 3rd, while in the total citations it only ranked 25th [Citation12]. Similarly, two articles related to SGLT2 inhibitor published in 2013 and 2014 ranked much higher based on average citation per year [Citation9,Citation27]. Despite a result of increased cardiovascular events, a clinical trial of bardoxolone methyl ranked 6th, indicating anti-inflammatory agents received much attention in DKD [Citation31]. Typically, citation of a scientific publication began substantially one or two years after publication, reached a maximum after 3–5 years, and then decreased to a lower level. A publication may be ignored initially, and several decades may need to accurately assess the performance of a scientific work [Citation4]. Thus, represented by the four articles above, newly published articles that have high average citations per year may reflect the emerging trends in the field of DKD and accrue more citations over time.
As shown in , nearly three-quarter of articles involved pathogenesis and treatment, indicating that nephrologists are diligently exploring new pathogenesis, key pathways, therapeutic targets, and promising drugs to prevent, arrest, treat, and reverse DKD [Citation53]. However, more influential papers are needed to investigate the prediction models and valuable biomarkers of DKD.
A high proportion of top-cited articles were published in the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (IF: 9.274), which is one of the leading specialist journals publishing both basic and clinical research relevant to a broad discipline of nephrology. Although most top-cited articles were published in journals with high IF (the lower quartile of the IF was 7.72), 13 articles were published in seven different journals with an IF lower than 5. This demonstrates an inconsistency between the publishing journal IF and the influence of specific articles as well as the potential limitation of IF in predicting influential papers [Citation54]. The IF is a journal-level metric to evaluate the impact of the academic journal and is largely influenced by journal publication policies and varies across time [Citation55].
Nearly half of the 100 top-cited articles originated from the United States. The United States was also at the center of the country coauthorship network map, reflecting a close collaboration with many other countries, such as Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands. This indicates the leading academic position of the United States in the field of DKD. Notably, Japan published the second-highest number of top-cited articles. However, Japan had a relatively weak collaborative link with other countries in DKD research, reflected by a long distance from other countries in the country coauthorship network map. Oppositely, although no or few articles originated from Spain and Italy, they were actively involved in the collaboration with other countries. The map shows a close collaborative link between developed countries, such as the United States and many European countries. Considering major scientific research projects such as multi-center clinical study are conducted primarily through a network of regional or global collaboration, Asian countries such as Japan, China, and South Korea should deepen their cooperative relationship in research frontiers with the United States and European countries.
Among 22 leading institutes contributing two or more articles, 13 institutes were from the United States which may be attributed to generous funding support, well-trained researchers with long working hours, scientific creativity, and mobility of researchers across countries [Citation56]. The University of Groningen from the Netherlands contributed five top-cited articles, and many of these studies were clinical trials focusing on the albuminuria. However, in the institution coauthorship network map, Harvard University from the United States contributed the largest number of coauthorship publications. Notably, although Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Aarhus University contributed few top-cited articles as the first affiliation, they had a strong collaborative link with other leading institutions. These results suggest the United States and many European countries are the leaders in the frontiers of DKD research and are well cooperated to yield high-quality papers.
De Zeeuw and Parving were top researchers in the field of DKD. Notably, represented by Cooper, Remuzzi, and Shahinfar, these authors were not listed as the first author of any of the top-cited articles, but they were actively involved in the academic collaboration, and are important research specialist in this filed. Coauthorship analysis gives a new insight into the contribution of dedicated scholars, even if they are not listed as the first author in any top-cited paper [Citation57]. The majority of the top-cited articles were completed by six or more authors (the lower quartile of the number of coauthors was 6), reflecting a trend of more cooperation in high-quality papers. Notably, many clinical studies were conducted by hundreds of sub-investigators, who were list as ‘Group Authors’ in the published article, and their contribution should be gratefully acknowledged. The average citations per year primarily depends on the content, quality, novelty, and publishing journal of the article, thus it is understandable that the average citations per year was uncorrelated with the number of authors, the number of institutes, or the number of funds.
Diabetic animal models were involved in half of the top-cited articles, indicating its important role in the basic research of DKD. Multiple rodent models, such as streptozotocin-induced diabetic model, db/db diabetic mice, are widely used to experimentally simulate the pathophysiological mechanism of human diabetes mellitus and its complications. However, the degree of fidelity in replicating the main features of human DKD and the diversity in human diabetic patients are still tricky issues to be solved [Citation58,Citation59]. Accordingly, clinical study is another critical aspect of DKD research. Observational clinical study ranked 2rd in the top-cited list, which plays a unique role in DKD research as a well-designed prospective observational study enables a long-term follow-up (e.g., decade) of DKD patients in real world [Citation60]. DKD patients are frequently concomitated with other diseases, and this part of patients may fail to enter the randomized control trial due to relative strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Thus, results from some RCTs may fail to represent the overall characteristics of the DKD population. Nevertheless, large multi-center randomized control trial is the golden standard of assessing therapeutic efficiency and is considered as one of the highest levels of evidence in evidence-based medicine [Citation61]. The renal benefits of classic ACE inhibitor or ARB, as well as newly emerging SGLT2 inhibitor in DKD patients, are all demonstrated by large-scale RCTs and then recommended in authoritative guidelines [Citation23,Citation24,Citation62–64]. In a word, the basic study on animal or cell level and clinical study on human subjects are two mutually complementary aspects in DKD research.
The analysis of keywords provides insight into the classic hotspots as well as emerging trends. As expected, renal-disease, diabetic nephropathy, and diabetes mellitus were frequent keywords in these top-cited articles. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) ranked 2rd in the frequency list, which is a classic molecular receiving much attention in the field of DKD since the 1990s. TGF-β induces fibrotic and inflammatory genes expression in the diabetic kidney. However, how exactly hyperglycemia induces TGF-β increasing remains to be elucidated [Citation65,Citation66]. The fourth most frequently used keyword was ‘oxidative stress’, which is involved in the initiation and progression of DKD [Citation67]. The keywords ‘Converting enzyme-inhibition’ and ‘Angiotensin-ii’ indicated RASS interruption is a research hotspot in the field of DKD. Proteinuria and albuminuria are key clinical signs of DKD and are involved in glomerulosclerosis. Currently, as DKD is still an irreversible condition, it is not surprising that the keyword ‘Progression’ was highlighted in many top-cited articles. Hypertension, as an important risk factor of DKD, is also an intrinsic characteristic of DKD. A proper blood pressure-lowering strategy is essential for preventing the onset, progression, and cardiovascular events of DKD [Citation68,Citation69]. Notably, the keywords frequency of the 100 top-cited articles is not appropriate for predicting emerging new trends due to the bias of publication time on the number of citations. However, keywords such as ‘SGLT2 inhibitor’ and ‘GLP-1RAs’, were burst in newly published top-cited articles [Citation9,Citation12, Citation27,Citation49]. Although there is a low frequency of occurrence among the 100 top-cited articles, these keywords imply the emerging trends in the field of DKD.
Zou et al. [Citation70] conducted a bibliometric analysis to analyze 27,577 publications of DKD from 2000 to 2017 and concluded that Parving, Harvard University, and USA were the most influential scholar, institute, and country in this field, respectively. The above results are consistent with our analysis and indicate that the top 100 list of articles represents the overall scientific outputs well. The classic research hotspots identified by Zou et al. are similar to our result but with more details. However, differing from Zou et al., our analysis shows that ‘SGLT2 inhibitors’, ‘GLP-1Ras’, and anti-inflammatory agents are the emerging trends of DKD and reveals an insufficiency of high-quality researches on the prediction and biomarker of DKD.
There are several limitations in our study. First, the 100 top-cited articles were identified according to the total citation number, which is inherently affected by publication year. Newly published influential papers are more likely to be eliminated. Second, the analysis failed to reveal some promising research directions as the articles related to them acquired insufficient citations yet, such as mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, endothelin receptor A inhibition, autophagy activators, and epigenetic remodeling [Citation47,Citation71]. Third, as a methodology, citation analysis has some potential biases, such as self-citation bias, in-house bias, journal bias, and English language bias [Citation72]. Fourth, Thomson Reuters Web of Science, a large-scale global citation database, was used to retrieve the top-cited articles. However, the combination of Web of Science with other databases, such as Scopus and Google scholar, would enable a more robust bibliometric analysis.
5. Conclusions
This analysis provides a historical perspective on the 100 top-cited articles in the field of DKD and helps in identifying the milestones, inadequacies, classic hotspots, and emerging trends. The United States, Japan, and many European countries are academic leaders with discovery, innovation, productivity, and collaboration. Pathogenesis and treatment are core themes in DKD research, however, high-quality researches on the prediction and biomarkers are insufficient. Basic studies have an advantage in exploring molecular mechanisms, while clinical studies stand out in assessing the therapeutic efficiency of interventions. TGF-β, oxidative stress, proteinuria, and RAAS interruption are classic research topics, while SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and anti-inflammatory agents represent the recent research hotspots. New analyzing methodologies and metrics are needed to deeply assess the actual impact of these top-cited articles on clinical practice.
Author contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Data collection was performed by Zineng Huang, Huifang Zhang, Ying Luo, Cong Wei, and Yuee Zhao. Data analysis and visualization were performed by Zineng Huang and Huifang Zhang, and they contributed equally to this work. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Zineng Huang and Huifang Zhang, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript.
| Abbreviations | ||
| ACEI | = | angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor |
| ARB | = | angiotensin receptor blockade |
| DKD | = | diabetic kidney disease |
| ESRD | = | end-stage renal disease |
| GLP-1 | = | glucagon-like peptide 1 |
| GLP-1RAs | = | glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists |
| IF | = | impact factor |
| IQR | = | interquartile ranges |
| RAAS | = | renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system |
| RCTs | = | randomized controlled trials |
| SDs | = | standard deviations |
| SGLT2 | = | sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 |
| TGF-β | = | transforming growth factor-β |
Acknowledgements
We thank Guixiang Xia for providing language suggestions.
Disclosure statement
The authors report no conflict of interest.
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