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ABSTRACT
Background: Sleep problems during withdrawal from cannabis use are a common experience. The details regarding how abstinence from cannabis impacts sleep are not well described. This article reviews the literature including a measure of cannabis withdrawal and sleep in humans. Methods: A literature search using a set of cannabinoid and sleep-related terms was conducted across 8 electronic databases. Human studies that involved the administration of cannabinoids and at least 1 quantitative sleep-related measure were included. Review articles, opinion pieces, letters or editorials, case studies (final N < 8), published abstracts, posters, and non-English articles were excluded. Thirty-six publications were included in the review. Results: Sleep was frequently interrupted during cannabis withdrawal, although the specific mechanisms of disruption remain unclear. Conclusions: Methodological issues in the majority of studies to date preclude any definitive conclusion on the specific aspects of sleep that are affected.
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Author contributions
Peter Gates and Lucy Albertella were involved in the database searching, data extraction, and interpretation of results as well as writing the manuscript. Jan Copeland was involved with project design and supervision as well as providing comments and revisions to draft submissions.
