Racial differences in the association between nonmedical prescription opioid use, abuse/dependence, and major depression

ABSTRACT

Background: African Americans (AAs) have lower rates of depressive disorders and are less likely to receive opioid analgesics for chronic pain than whites. Given the evidence that prescription opioid use is associated with depression, we hypothesized that the opioid abuse/dependence and depression comorbidity would be less common among AAs compared with whites. Methods: A cross-sectional secondary analysis of the public use files for the 2012 (n = 55,268) and 2013 (n = 55,160) National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) was used to obtain past-year, DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition) criteria diagnoses of nonmedical prescription opioid use (NMPOU), abuse/dependence, and major depressive episode (MDE). Covariates included anxiety disorder, alcohol and illicit drug abuse/dependence, smoking, age, gender, education, marital status, health insurance, county urbanicity, and income. Logistic regression models estimating the association between opioid use and MDE were computed before and after adjusting for covariates and separately for AAs and whites. Results: AAs and whites had similar past-year prevalence of NMPOU (3.5% vs. 3.7%) and abuse/dependence (0.7% vs. 0.9%). MDE was significantly more prevalent among whites (7.4% vs. 5.5%; P < .0001). Among whites, NMPOU and abuse/dependence were associated with MDE (odds ratio [OR] = 1.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12–1.64 and OR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.67–2.94, respectively). Among AAs, there were no significant associations between NMPOU, abuse/dependence, and MDE (OR range: 0.80–0.95). Conclusions: In a nationally representative sample, co-occurrence of past-year depression, NMPOU, and abuse/dependence was determined in whites but not AAs. Additional research is needed to establish the contribution of pain and temporal relationships.

KEYWORDS:

• Depression
• epidemiology
• opioids
• racial disparities

Author contributions

Joanne Salas contributed to research conception and design, statistical programming and analysis, interpretation of results, writing, and draft revision. Jeffrey F. Scherrer contributed to research conception and design, interpretation of results, writing, and draft revision. Patrick J. Lustman and F. David Schneider contributed to interpretation of results and draft revision. All authors have approved the final manuscript.