College degree attainment by age of first marijuana use and parental education

Abstract

Background: Age of first marijuana use is a key predictor of later educational outcomes, but limited work has identified demographic factors that impact this association across continuous ages of first use. The purpose of this study was threefold: (1) to identify the age-varying prevalence of later college degree attainment as a function of age of first marijuana use; (2) to examine the age-varying association of gender and college degree attainment as a function of age of first use; and (3) to examine the age-varying association of parent education and college degree attainment as a function of age of first use. Methods: Data were from the panel portion of the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study, an ongoing longitudinal study of adolescents and young adults. Those who used marijuana by age 22 were included in analyses. Among these participants (N = 2134), 47.0% were male, 67.5% were white, 53.2% reported having at least one parent with a bachelor’s degree or higher, and 44.1% attained a bachelor’s degree or higher by age 25/26. Results: Intercept-only and logistic time-varying effect models (TVEMs) modeled prevalences and associations as functions of age of first marijuana use. Prevalence of college degree completion was relatively linear across age of first use; such that college degree attainment increased as age of first use increased. Results indicated that college degree attainment varied across age of first use similarly for men and women. Degree attainment differences existed based on parent education. Parental education and degree attainment were most strongly linked at an age of first use between 16 and 19 years. Conclusions: Findings suggest that age of first marijuana use has an association with academic achievement such that earlier ages of first use are associated with lower academic achievement later in adulthood. Parental education serves as a protective factor against college degree attainment in late adolescence.

Keywords:

• age of first use
• college education
• longitudinal
• marijuana use
• parental education

Author contributions

A.N.L.-C. wrote the first draft of the manuscript and conducted statistical analyses. D.D.K. assisted with statistical analyses and data preparation and provided substantial feedback on drafts of the manuscript. R.E.-P. conducted literature searches, assisted with writing sections of the initial manuscript, and provided substantial feedback on the manuscript. S.T.L. conceptualized the original study idea and provided substantial feedback on drafts of the manuscript. M.E.P. provided substantial feedback on several drafts of the manuscript.

Additional information

Funding

The current study is supported by awards R01 DA037902, R01 DA001411, R01 DA016575, R01 DA039854, and P50 DA039838 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). The NIDA did not have any role in study design, collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data; writing the report; and the decision to submit the report for publication. The authors have no conflicts of interest to report.

The current study is supported by awards R01 DA037902, R01 DA001411, R01 DA016575, R01 DA039854, and P50 DA039838 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). The NIDA did not have any role in study design, collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data; writing the report; and the decision to submit the report for publication. The authors have no conflicts of interest to report.