Single and dual diagnoses of major depressive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder predicted by triple comorbid trajectories of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use among urban adults

Abstract

Background: The adverse consequences of major depressive disorder (MDD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affect a significant portion of the US population every year (i.e., 15 million for MDD; 8 million for PTSD) and are of public health concern. The current study examines tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use as possible longitudinal predictors of MDD and/or PTSD. Methods: A community sample of 674 participants (53% African Americans and 47% Puerto Ricans; 405 females and 269 males) were recruited from the Harlem Longitudinal Development Study. We used Mplus software to obtain the triple trajectories of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use from mean age 14 to 36. Logistic regression analyses were then conducted to examine the associations between those triple trajectory groups and a single diagnosis of MDD or PTSD as well as a dual diagnosis of MDD with PTSD at age 36. Results: The observed percentages of MDD, PTSD, and the comorbidity of MDD and PTSD were 17%, 8%, and 5%, respectively. The heavy use of all 3 substances group was associated with an increased likelihood of having MDD (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.14, P < .01), PTSD (AOR = 3.91, P < .05), and MDD with PTSD (AOR = 6.64, P < .01), as compared with the tobacco and alcohol use group. Conclusions: Treatment programs to quit or reduce the use of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana may help decrease the prevalence of MDD and PTSD. This could lead to improvements in individualized treatments for patients who use tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana and who have both MDD and PTSD.

Keywords:

• Longitudinal study
• major depressive disorder
• posttraumatic stress disorder
• triple comorbid substance use trajectories

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by Mentored Research Scientist Development Award DA041609-02 to Dr. Lee from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health. The funding agency had no role in the study design and conduction; the collection, analyses, management, or interpretation of the data; or the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.