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Notes
1 Josué de Castro, Death in the Northeast (New York: Random House, 1966), 22.
2 Though the term “Northeast” appears in such negative diagnoses, it was most often the case that the source of consternation was the isolated backlands, not the comparatively integrated coast.
3 On national projects in the First Republic, see José Murilo de Carvalho, A formação das almas: O imaginário Da República No Brasil (São Paulo: Cia. das Letras, 1990).
4 On the Canudos War, see Robert M. Levine, Vale of Tears: Revisiting the Canudos Massacre in Northeastern Brazil, 1893-1897 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995).
5 See Thomas E. Skidmore, Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought, 2nd ed. (Durham: Duke UP, 1993), particularly chapters 2 and 3.
6 Euclides da Cunha, Backlands: The Canudos Campaign, trans. Elizabeth Lowe (New York: Penguin Classics, 2010), 11–16, 55.
7 Ibid., 93; Ricardo Ventura Santos, “A obra de Euclides da Cunha e os debates sobre mestiçagem no Brasil no início do Século Xx: Os sertões e a medicina- antropologia do Museu Nacional,” História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 5 (July 1998): 237–53.
8 Just what constituted a race versus a sub-race versus an ethnic group is notoriously slippery in da Cunha's writing. Here I have reproduced his language when possible.
9 Cunha, Backlands, 95.
10 Agamenon Magalhães, O Nordeste Brasileiro, 2nd ed. (Rio de Janeiro: Departamento de Estadistica e Publicidade, 1936), 67.
11 Courtney Campbell, “The Brazilian Northeast, Inside Out: Region, Nation, and Globalization (1926-1968)” (PhD diss., Vanderbilt University, 2014), 15.
12 Magalhães, O Nordeste Brasileiro, 78.
13 Ibid., 45, 73.
14 Agamenon Magalhães, O Nordeste Brasileiro, 3rd ed. (Recife: Editora ASA Pernambuco, 1985), 38.
15 Magalhães, O Nordeste Brasileiro, 1936, 74.
16 Ibid., 87, 81.
17 Stanley E. Blake, The Vigorous Core of Our Nationality: Race and Regional Identity in Northeastern Brazil (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2011), 100.
18 Leslie Bethell, “Politics in Brazil Under Vargas, 1930–1945,” in Brazil Since 1930, ed. Leslie Bethell (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 1–86.
19 Gilberto Freyre, Manifesto Regionalista de 1926 (Rio de Janeiro: Ministério da Educação e Cultura, 1955), 19–20; On Boasian and neo-Lamarckian thought and their influence in 1920s and '30s Latin America, see Nancy Stepan, The Hour of Eugenics: Race, Gender, and Nation in Latin America (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991), chap. 5 and 6.
20 Durval Muniz de Albuquerque Jr., The Invention of the Brazilian Northeast, trans. Jerry Dennis Metz (Durham: Duke University Press, 2014), 28–29, 54–60; Campbell, “The Brazilian Northeast, Inside Out,” chap. 1.
21 Djacir Menezes, O outro Nordeste (Rio de Janeiro: José Olympio, 1937), 11–13.
22 Ibid., 89–92.
23 On this migration and the (re)creation of Northeastern communities outside the Northeast, see Paulo Fontes, Um nordeste em São Paulo: Trabalhadores migrantes em São Miguel Paulista (1945-66) (Rio de Janeiro: Editora FGV, 2008).
24 Josué de Castro, Geografia da fome: A fome no Brasil (Rio de Janeiro: O Cruzeiro, 1946); On de Castro's work, see Magda Zanoni, “Josué de Castro: actualité d’une pensée,” Natures Sciences Sociétés 18:1 (January 1, 2012): 36–41.
25 Castro, Death in the Northeast, 165.
26 Ibid., 150, 165.
27 Glauber Rocha, “Uma estética da fome,” Revista Civilização Brasileira 3 (July 1965): 165–70.
28 Carlos Fico, Reinventando o otimismo: ditadura, propagandae imaginário social no Brasil (Rio de Janeiro Brasil: Fundação Getúlio Vargas Editora, 1997).
29 Agência Nacional, Agricultura no Nordeste (1970).
30 Severino Motta, “OAB quer inquérito sobre racismo na Internet,” November 1, 2014, http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2014/11/1541752-oab-quer-inquerito-sobre-racismo-na-internet.shtml.
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Glen S. Goodman
Glen Goodman is an assistant professor of Brazilian Studies in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. He has published articles in German History and Revista de Historia da Biblioteca Nacional. His current book project, “Indelible Whiteness? Race, Nation, and German Ethnicity in Brazil,” examines the many ways that German migrants and their descendants shaped notions of race, region, and nation in twentieth-century Brazil.