Scale morphology and squamation of the Late Silurian osteichthyan Andreolepis from Gotland, Sweden

Abstract

The origin of osteichthyans (bony fishes and tetrapods) dates back to the Late Silurian, but the early evolution of the group is poorly understood. Andreolepis is one of the oldest known osteichthyans, but exclusively documented by detached and fragmentary dermal microremains. A large data-set of Andreolepis scales from the Silurian of Gotland has been used to explore the scale morphology on different parts of the body. Landmark-based geometric morphometrics together with comparative anatomy and functional morphology has allowed 10 morphotypes to be identified and incorporated into a squamation model, in which scales are allocated to anterior-mid lateral flank scales, posterior lateral flank scales, caudal peduncle scales, pectoral peduncle scales, dorsal flank scales, dorsal fulcral scales, caudal fulcral scales, ventral flank scales, medioventral scales and cranial scales. The scale morphology and squamation pattern of Andreolepis may be primitive for the Osteichthyes and thus informative about the acquisition of the osteichthyan body plan.

Keywords:

• Late Silurian
• Osteichthyan
• Andreolepis
• scale
• squamation
• morphometrics

Acknowledgements

We thank Thomas Mörs for loan of specimens and access to collections of the Swedish Museum of Natural History, including the holotype specimens of Andreolepis described by Gross (1968); we also thank Qingming Qu and Jing Lu for discussions and sharing information on early osteichthyan scales.