Paleoequatorial rain forest of western India during the EECO: evidence from Uvaria L. fossil and its geological distribution pattern

Abstract

During the early Eocene, Rajasthan was positioned near the equator and had a warm and humid tropical climate dominated by tropical rainforests like the present-day equatorial forests of South India. Many of the plants retrieved as fossils from Rajasthan are growing there as refugee. This study further strengthens this view as it reports a new species of Uvaria L. from the early Eocene sediments of Bikaner (Rajasthan) showing its best resemblance with the extant U. zeylanica Deless. ex DC., which is presently growing in the evergreen forests of South India and Sri Lanka. The genus is thought to have originated in Africa, and the present finding gives an idea about its geologic distribution in Asia and Australasia via India relying on ‘stepping stone’ hypothesis during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO) when climatic conditions were favourable for the luxuriant growth of tropical vegetation. A general cooling trend after EECO and change in the configuration of land and sea affected the climate on the regional scale causing total devastation of tropical evergreen forests that existed in western India during the depositional time; this change is ultimately responsible for creating dry and desertic conditions prevailing in the area at present.

Keywords::

• Annonaceae
• Uvaria zeylanica
• origin
• Early Eocene Climatic Optimum
• Rajasthan

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the authorities of the Venugopal Saturaman Lignite Mine (VSLP) for permitting them to collect the material from the mine. The authors are thankful to Prof. S. Bajpai, Director, Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow, for his support, encouragement and permission to publish this work. Thanks are also due to the authorities of the Forest Research Institute, Dehradun for their permission to consult the herbarium. They are also thankful to Xinxin Feng (State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing) for supplying and translating the Chinese literature.