Deciduous premolars of Eocene Equidae and their phylogenetic significance

Abstract

The deciduous premolars of early Eocene Equidae from North America, conventionally attributed to ‘Hyracotherium’, are described and compared, based primarily on a sample of >60 specimens from the early Eocene Willwood Formation of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. The sample represents six to nine species assigned to multiple genera by some other authors, but in the absence of diagnostic characters of the deciduous dentition, species assignments remain ambiguous for most specimens. Consequently it is not clear which generic names should be applied, and we employ the widespread name ‘Hyracotherium’ (acknowledging that the type species may not be an equid). We observed considerable variation in our sample, but most differences are minor and are largely inconsistent with respect to time or taxa, hindering attempts to characterise deciduous premolar anatomy of particular species. Comparisons were also made to Bridgerian Orohippus and Uintan Epihippus, to other early perissodactyls, and to non-perissodactyls that have been considered close to the origin of Perissodactyla (phenacodontid condylarths and Cambaytherium). Based on these comparisons, we confirm Butler’s observation that the deciduous premolars of equids show increasing molarization and lophodonty through the Eocene. However, our evidence suggests that there was little directed change through most of the Wasatchian until Wa-7.

Keywords:

• Hyracotherium
• Equidae
• deciduous dentition
• early Eocene
• Willwood Formation

Acknowledgements

We thank the editors for inviting us to contribute to this special volume honoring Percy Butler. We also thank the following for access to specimens and casts used in this study: Amanda Milhouse, Jennifer Strotman, and Nick Pyenson (USNM); Meng Jin, Ruth O’Leary, Alana Gishlick, and Lindsay Jurgielewicz (AMNH); Eric Sargis, Christopher Norris, and Daniel Brinkman (YPM); Tom Bown and Joe Sertich (DMNH); Pat Holroyd (UCMP); and Philip Gingerich (UM). We are grateful to Amy Chew, Gregg Gunnell, and Jerry Hooker for sharing information. Justin Gladman performed the μCT scans of two specimens at the Duke University SMIF, and Jonathan Malinski (Rowan University) processed the scans and produced the surface images based on the scans. We thank Jerry Hooker and an anonymous reviewer for their careful reviews, which improved the manuscript. Collections were made under Bureau of Land Management permits, most recently #183-WY-PA95 to KDR.