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Historical Biology
An International Journal of Paleobiology
Volume 33, 2021 - Issue 10
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Articles

A giant vampire bat (Phyllostomidae, Desmodontinae) from the Pliocene-Pleistocene El Breal de Orocual asphaltic deposits (tar pits), Venezuela

Un murciélago vampiro gigante (Phyllostomidae, Desmodontinae) del Plioceno-Pleistoceno del depósito de asfalto El Breal de Orocual, Venezuela

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Pages 2438-2443 | Received 16 Jun 2020, Accepted 21 Jul 2020, Published online: 18 Aug 2020
 

ABSTRACT

Numerous molecular phylogenetic analyses support the Desmodontinae (vampire bats) as one of the earliest-diverging lineages of Phyllostomidae (western hemisphere leaf-nosed bats). Yet the fossil record that could support and help calibrate this hypothesised divergence is weak; the oldest-known fossils of vampire bats are relatively young and poorly dated as early to middle Pleistocene or possibly late Pliocene in age, based on an occurrence in Uruguay, and early to middle Pleistocene occurrences in Florida, USA. We report a distal fragment of the humerus of an indeterminate large-bodied vampire bat, cf. Desmodus, from a trench in the asphalt-bearing deposit of El Breal de Orocual, Venezuela. Subsites within El Breal de Orocual vary in age; the trench yielding the vampire humerus yields a mammalian fauna indicating a probable late Pliocene or possibly early Pleistocene age. As such, the Venezuelan fossil represents the oldest or at least one of the oldest vampire bats yet known, similar in body size to the late Pleistocene Desmodus draculae.

RESUMEN

Numerosos análisis de filogenia molecular apoyan que los Desmodontinae (murciélagos vampiros) es uno de los primeros linajes de Phyllostomidae (murciélagos con hoja nasal del hemisferio occidental) en divergir. Sin embargo, el registro fósil que podría apoyar y ayudar a calibrar esta hipotética divergencia es débil; el fósil de murciélago vampiro más antiguo conocido es relativamente joven y está pobremente fechado como Pleistoceno Temprano a Medio o posiblemente Plioceno Tardío, basado en el registro de Uruguay, y el registro del Pleistoceno Temprano a Medio de Florida EEUU. Reportamos un fragmento distal del húmero de un murciélago vampiro gigante indeterminado, Cf Desmodus, de la trinchera del depósito de asfalto de El Breal de Orocual, Venezuela. Los subsitios dentro de El Breal de Orocual varían en edad, en la trinchera donde se encontró el humero del vampiro, se ha encontrado una fauna de mamíferos indicadores de una edad Plioceno Tardío o posiblemente Pleistoceno Temprano. Como tal, el fósil de Venezuela representa el más antiguo, o al menos uno de los más antiguos murciélagos vampiros conocidos, similar en tamaño corporal a Desmodus draculae del Pleistoceno Tardío.

Acknowledgments

We thank Richard Hulbert, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, for the loan of a humerus of Desmodus archaeodaptes, and Roger Burkhalter and Steve Westrop for the use of their bellows camera and focus-stacking software. We thank Gilberto Parra for his assistance in the laboratory and field activities. The manuscript was improved by the reviews and helpful comments of R. A. Martin and M. Ubilla.

Disclosure statement

We have no conflict of interest or financial benefit from products of this research.

Additional information

Funding

This study was supported by the Exploration and Production Unit of Petróleos de Venezuela S. A. (PDVSA) División Oriente, and a contribution of the ‘PaleoMapas de Venezuela’ project (IVIC-1096 Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas), funded by MCTI (Venezuelan Science, Technology, and Innovation Ministry)

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