Monetary malpractice: Intent, impotence, or incompetence?

Monetary policy prior to, during, and following the 1990–1991 recession was the tightest and most restrictive in over 30 years. Some have suggested that this policy was explicitly designed by the monetary hawks on the Federal Reserve to wring out the residues of inflationary expectations; others, that the central bank could not offset the real, and powerful, negative shocks buffeting the American economy. But a better explanation is that the monetary authorities were passive because they failed to appreciate the treacherous financial weather caused by new capital requirements and the massive bailout of insolvent institutions.