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Abstract
The allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) is a 17 kDa interferon-γ (IFN-γ) inducible Ca2 + -binding EF-hand protein that is encoded within the HLA class III genomic region. Three proteins including ionized Ca2 + -binding adaptor 1, microglia response factor-1, and daintain are identical with AIF-1. The expression of AIF-1 was mostly limited to the monocyte/macrophage lineage, and augmented by cytokines such as IFN-γ. It was assumed that AIF-1 was a novel molecule involved in inflammatory responses, allograft rejection, as well as the activation and function of macrophages. However, it has been reported that AIF-1 is also expressed in macrophages and microglial cells in autoimmune diseases such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, neuritis and uveitis models, suggesting that AIF-1 may play a pivotal role in autoimmunity. In the present manuscript, the genomic and functional characteristics of AIF-1 family proteins as well as their immune regulatory effects are reviewed.
| Abbreviations | ||
| ADAM3 | = | a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 3 |
| AIF-1 | = | allograft inflammatory factor 1 |
| BART-1 | = | Balloon angioplasty-responsive transcript 1 |
| BDV | = | Borna disease virus |
| EAE | = | experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis |
| EAN | = | experimental autoimmune neuritis |
| EAU | = | experimental autoimmune uveitis |
| E. coli | = | Escherichia coli |
| Iba1 | = | Ionized Ca2 + -binding adaptor |
| iNOS | = | nitricoxide synthase |
| IRT-1 | = | interferon-responsive transcript |
| ISHLT | = | International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation |
| LPS | = | lipopolysaccharide |
| MCP-1 | = | monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 |
| MRF-1 | = | microglia response factor 1 |
| PNS | = | peripheral nervous system |
| siRNA | = | short interference RNA |
| TNBS | = | trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid |
| TGF-β1 | = | transforming growth factor β1 |
| TNF-α | = | tumor necrosis factor α |
| VSMCs | = | vascular smooth muscle cells |
| Abbreviations | ||
| ADAM3 | = | a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 3 |
| AIF-1 | = | allograft inflammatory factor 1 |
| BART-1 | = | Balloon angioplasty-responsive transcript 1 |
| BDV | = | Borna disease virus |
| EAE | = | experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis |
| EAN | = | experimental autoimmune neuritis |
| EAU | = | experimental autoimmune uveitis |
| E. coli | = | Escherichia coli |
| Iba1 | = | Ionized Ca2 + -binding adaptor |
| iNOS | = | nitricoxide synthase |
| IRT-1 | = | interferon-responsive transcript |
| ISHLT | = | International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation |
| LPS | = | lipopolysaccharide |
| MCP-1 | = | monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 |
| MRF-1 | = | microglia response factor 1 |
| PNS | = | peripheral nervous system |
| siRNA | = | short interference RNA |
| TNBS | = | trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid |
| TGF-β1 | = | transforming growth factor β1 |
| TNF-α | = | tumor necrosis factor α |
| VSMCs | = | vascular smooth muscle cells |
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Drs Zeqing Niu and Hong Shen for their review of the manuscript. This work was supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholar (C03020504, Y.Z.), the National Natural Science Foundation for Key Programs (C30630060, Y.Z.), the National Natural Science Foundation for Young Scholar (C30600567, Y.Z.), the National Basic Research Program (973 Program, 2003CB515501, Y.Z.), 100 Quality Vocational Colleges of Chinese Academy of Sciences (2003-85, Y.Z.), the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars of State Education Ministry (2005-546, Y.Z.), Chinese Postdoctoral Research Funds (30020040300, G.L.) and Chinese Academy of Sciences Wangkuancheng Postdoctoral Research Funds (2004, G.L.).