Identification of differentially expressed and methylated genes associated with rheumatoid arthritis based on network

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a multi-systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving peripheral joints, and the pathogenesis is not clear. Studies showed that DNA methylation and expression might also be involved in the pathogenesis of RA. This study integrated three expression profile datasets (GSE55235, GSE12021, and GSE55457) and one methylation profile dataset GSE111942 to elucidate the potential essential candidate genes and pathways in RA. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially methylation genes (DMGs) were identified by R programming software, using Limma package and ChAMP package, respectively. DAVID performed gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs. Functional annotation and construction of a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network and the Molecular Complex Detection Algorithm (MCODE) were analysed by STRING and Cystoscope, respectively. Then the connection analysis of DEGs and DMGs was carried out, and further to analyse the relationship between methylation and gene expression, aiming to screen out the potential genes. In this study, 288 DEGs and 228 DMGs were identified, and the majority of DEGs were up-regulated. Enrichment analysis represented that DEGs mainly involved immune response and participated in the Cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction signal pathway. 282 nodes were identified from DEGs PPI network and MCODE, filtering the most significant 2 modules, 23 core node genes were identified and most of them are involved in the T cell receptor signalling pathway and chemokine-mediated signalling pathway. Cross-analysis revealed 4 genes [KNTC1 (cg 01277763), LRRC8D (cg 07600884), DHRS9 (cg 05961700), and UCP2 (cg 05205664)] that exhibited differential expression and methylation in RA simultaneously. Therefore, the four genes could be used as the target for RA.

Keywords:

• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
• gene expression
• DNA methylation
• bioinformatics analysis
• cross-analysis

Author contributions

DZ and ZF planned the study. RZ, XY, DZ, QL, CW and XY performed the data analysis, wrote and modified the manuscript. DZ submitted the study.

Disclosure statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Data availability

The analysed data sets generated during the study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Additional information

Funding

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [81773372, 81573104].