Mini review: Hydrodynamics of larval settlement into fouling communities

Abstract

Flowing water delivers planktonic larvae to surfaces, but also dislodges them. This paper reviews experiments in the field and in laboratory flumes, as well as mathematical models, which have revealed how the interaction of ambient water motion with a developing fouling community affects larval settlement. Although mean current velocities across fouling communities in harbours are low, instantaneous velocities can be much higher due to turbulence and to the velocity oscillations of wind chop and ship wakes. As a fouling community develops, its topography becomes more complex and the range of flow microhabitats on the spatial scale of larvae increases. In spite of the prevalence of waves in shallow coastal habitats, and in spite of the importance to settlement of the fine-scale instantaneous velocities encountered by larvae, most studies of flow effects on larval settlement have focused on unidirectional currents and on temporally- and spatially-averaged aspects of the flow.

Keywords:

• Biofouling
• larvae
• hydrodynamics
• settlement
• boundary layer
• turbulence
• flow

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Office of Naval Research grant #N00014-03-1-0079 and the Virginia G. and Robert E. Gill Chair in Natural History. I thank M. Reidenbach for providing the PLIF/PIV image in Figure 4, and J. Crimaldi, T. Cooper, D. Dombroski, M. Hadfield, T. Hata, and D. Sischo for agreeing to let me include some of our unpublished data in Figures 2, 3, and 5.