Abstract
The evolution of the biosphere reserve concept both derives from experiences of its practical application and can be seen as a response to wider trends in the fields of conservation and resource management. Two trends of particular importance have been the evolution of the concept of sustainable development and the growing recognition that local people should be involved in the management of protected areas. This review traces the evolution of the concept from 1970 to the present, with a focus on two related elements: the outer zone of the biosphere reserve and the involvement of multiple entities—especially local communities—in administration and management, particularly in the United States. Its conclusion considers the major shifts in emphasis deriving from the International Conference on Biosphere Reserves in March, 1995.