Do Individual Differences in Reinforcement Smoking Moderate the Relationship Between Affect and Urge to Smoke?

Abstract

The elucidation of individual differences in tobacco use motivation is of considerable interest. Accordingly, the present study tested the hypothesis that between-person variation in reinforcement smoking (RS)—a tendency to smoke to regulate affect—moderates the relationship between poor mood and urge to smoke. In this cross-sectional, correlational study, smokers (N = 212; ≥5 cig/day) completed measures of RS, positive affect (PA), negative affect (NA), and smoking urge. RS significantly moderated the relation between PA and urge (βs > .11, ps < .04), such that the inverse correlation between PA and urge was stronger among smokers higher in RS. NA was positively correlated with urge in the overall sample (rs = .34, ps < .0001), but RS did not moderate this relationship. The overall results were consistent across 2 measures of mood and adjusted models that controlled for demographics and smoking characteristics. Continued investigation of these moderational pathways could identify which smokers may benefit most from treatments that target mood during smoking cessation.

Keywords:

• negative affect
• positive affect
• reinforcement smoking
• smoking motivation
• urge to smoke

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research was partly supported by grants DA016184 and CA57730 from the National Institutes of Health. Portions of these were presented at the 2007 Scientific Meeting of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco in Austin, TX.

Notes

^aValues based on average score per item. QSU = Questionnaire of Smoking Urges—Brief (range 0–5); PANAS = Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (range 1–5), PA = Positive Affect, NA = Negative Affect; CESD = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (range 0–3), PA = Positive Affect, NA = Negative Affect; WISDM = Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (range 1–7).

*p < .05

***p < .001;

^† p < .0001.

^aInteraction effect controlling for predictor variable and moderator variable.

^bInteraction effect controlling for predictor variable, moderator variable, age, sex, FTND, cig/day, and years smoking. QSU = Questionnaire of Smoking Urges—Brief; PANAS = Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, PA = Positive Affect, NA = Negative Affect; CESD = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, PA = Positive Affect, NA = Negative Affect.