A model of lipid rearrangements during pore formation in the DPPC lipid bilayer

Abstract

Context: The molecular bases of pore formation in the lipid bilayer remain unclear, as do the exact characteristics of their sizes and distributions. To understand this process, numerous studies have been performed on model lipid membranes including cell-sized giant unilamellar vesicles (GUV). The effect of an electric field on DPPC GUV depends on the lipid membrane state: in the liquid crystalline phase the created pores have a cylinder-like shape, whereas in the gel phase a crack has been observed.

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the geometry of pores created in a lipid bilayer in gel and liquid crystalline phases in reference to literature experimental data.

Methods: A mathematical model of the pore in a DPPC lipid bilayer developed based on the law of conservation of mass and the assumption of constant volume of lipid molecules, independent of their conformation, allows for analysis of pore shape and accompanying molecular rearrangements.

Results: The membrane area occupied by the pore of a cylinder-like shape is greater than the membrane area occupied by lipid molecules creating the pore structure (before pore appearance). Creation of such pores requires more space, which can be achieved by conformational changes of lipid chains toward a more compact state. This process is impossible for a membrane in the most compact, gel phase.

Discussion and conclusions: We show that the geometry of the pores formed in the lipid bilayer in the gel phase must be different from the cylinder shape formed in the lipid bilayer in a liquid crystalline state, confirming experimental studies. Furthermore, we characterize the occurrence of the ‘buffer’ zone surrounding pores in the liquid crystalline phase as a mechanism of separation of neighbouring pores.

Keywords:

• Liposome
• law of conservation of mass
• electroporation
• pore dimension
• phase behaviour
• lipid rearrangements

Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. Olga Hrydziuszko for her help during the early stages of this work and for the valuable discussions.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.