Lipid reducing potential of liposomes loaded with ethanolic extract of purple pitanga (Eugenia uniflora) administered to Caenorhabditis elegans

Abstract

The ethanolic extract obtained from purple pitanga fruit (Eugenia uniflora – PPE) has been previously described by its potential to reduce lipid accumulation in vitro. In this study, we aimed to study this potential in vivo using Caenorhabditis elegans as animal model. Considering the low pH of the extract, its hydrophilic characteristic, its absorption by the medium where the worms are cultivated and the need of a chronic exposure in the worms solid medium, we have loaded liposomes with PPE and investigated its potential for oral administration. Following 48 h exposure to the PPE-loaded liposomes on worms nematode growth medium, we did not observe any toxic effects of the formulation. Under high cholesterol diet, which increased worms total lipid and also triacylglycerides levels, liposomes containing PPE were able to significantly attenuate these alterations, which could not be observed when worms were treated with free PPE. Furthermore, we could evidence that liposomes were ingested by worms through their labelling to uranin fluorescence dye. Through total phenolic compounds quantification, we estimated an entrapment efficacy of PPE into liposomes of 87.7%. The high levels of phenolic compounds present in PPE, as previously described by our group, indicate that these antioxidants may interfere in worms lipid metabolism, which may occur through many and intricated mechanisms. Although the use of conventional liposomes for human consumption may not be pragmatic, its application for oral delivery of a hydrophilic substance in C. elegans was absolutely critical for our experimental design and has proven to be efficient.

Keywords:

• Caenorhabditis elegans
• Eugenia uniflora
• purple pitanga
• liposomes
• lipid metabolism
• high cholesterol diet

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge CGC for providing the strain used in this study and PROPPI/UNIPAMPA by additional funding. Avila DS and Haas SE are recipients of CNPq Researcher Fellowships.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq/Universal) Grant (453963/2014–5), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS/PqG) Grant (12/1919–5) and PROPPI/UNIPAMPA by additional funding.