Proprioceptive accuracy after uni-joint and multi-joint patterns of arm-raising movements directed to overhead targets

Abstract

Aim

To determine the effect of arm-raising pattern on upper limb proprioceptive accuracy for movements made to overhead targets.

Materials and methods

Sixteen healthy young adults were tested in standing with arms at the sides, made dominant arm-raising movements to an unseen overhead stop, randomly placed at one of five different overhead targets. Movements were made either as a uni-joint shoulder flexion movement in an arc, or as an unconstrained arm raising that was a series of multi-joint movements involving the shoulder, elbow, and wrist.

Results

Overall proprioceptive accuracy for discrimination between the five unseen overhead targets was not different after arm-raising with either a uni-joint or mult-joint pattern (F_{1, 15} = 0.50, p = 0.49, partial η² = 0.03). Better performers with one pattern also tended to perform well with the other (r = 0.70, p = 0.003). Trend analysis across the 4 pairwise scores for discriminations between the target positions (171.8°–173.6°, 173.6°–175.4°, 175.4°–177.2°, and 177.2°–179.0°) showed worsening discrimination towards the more distant targets (F_{1, 15} = 8.44, p = 0.01, partial η² = 0.36). However, this linear trend of falling discrimination accuracy was not different between the two movement patterns (p = 0.27).

Conclusion

Proprioceptive accuracy did not differ between simple uni-joint and more complex multi-joint arm-raising movement patterns, and the further the extent of the overhead target movement, the worse proprioceptive discrimination sensitivity for both movement patterns. Upper limb proprioceptive accuracy was therefore movement extent dependent, but movement pattern independent.

Keywords:

• Upper limb
• proprioception
• movement discrimination
• movement control

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This study was sponsored by Program of Shanghai Academic Research Leader [20XD1423200], Program for Professors of Special Appointment (Eastern Scholar) at Shanghai Institutions of Higher Learning [TP2017062], National Natural Science Foundation of China [31870936], and China Ministry of Education (Humanities and Social Science Project [18YJA890006]).