Predictors for Nonsentinel Node Involvement in Breast Cancer Patients with Micrometastases in the Sentinel Lymph Node

Abstract

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in breast cancer allows for a more thorough pathologic assessment with serial sectioning and cytokeratin staining. This has resulted in increased detection of micrometastatic disease (tumor size <2 mm) in the SLN. Unfortunately, the value of completion axillary dissection after finding micrometastatic disease in the SLN remains poorly defined. Over a 2-year period, a prospective database of 305 patients who underwent SLN biopsy for breast cancer at Baylor University Medical Center was reviewed. Eighty-four (27.5%) of the patients had evidence of metastatic disease in the SLN. Twenty-four of the 41 patients identified as having micrometastatic disease in the SLN underwent completion axillary lymph node dissection. In these patients, all nonsentinel nodes were further studied by serial sectioning and immunohistochemistry. The median age of these 24 patients was 52 years (range, 34–83). Their primary tumor stages were T₁a and T₁b (n = 5), T₁c (n = 15), and T2 (n = 4). A total of 328 nonsentinel lymph nodes were examined, including 225 from patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma (n = 17) and 103 from patients with infiltrating lobular carcinoma (n = 7). In the patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma, no additional nodal metastases were identified, while in those with infiltrating lobular carcinoma, additional nodal disease was found in 5 lymph nodes (2 of 12 patients, 17%). Primary tumor characteristics were not predictive of additional nodal disease. These data suggest that patients with micrometastasis in the SLN from infiltrating lobular carcinoma have a significant risk of harboring additional nodal disease and should undergo completion axillary dissection. However, those with micrometastatic disease from infiltrating ductal carcinoma have a very low incidence of additional metastasis and may not need completion axillary dissection.