High-isolated, low correlation and wide frequency reconfigurable (2.1–4.2 GHz) MIMO antenna for cognitive radio applications

ABSTRACT

This paper proposes a unique and small (2508  mm²) penta-band frequency agile MIMO antenna based on RF switches for cognitive radio mobile, WLAN, WiMAX, and wireless sensing applications. Three RF switches generate five resonant bands at 2.1, 3, 3.5, 4, and 4.2 GHz in four usable states-100, 011, 111, 100, and 000, respectively. The proposed antenna's fractional bandwidth was 4.95 % (simulated) and 5.5 % (measured) in state-000, 3.09 % (simulated) and 2.8 % (measured) at a lower frequency (2.1 GHz), 2.12 % (simulated) and 2 % (measured) at higher frequency (4.2 GHz) in state-100, 12.5 % (simulated) and 12 % (measured) in state-011, and 4.6 % (simulated) and 4.7 % (measured) in state-111. A large peak gain of 3.6 dB at 4 GHz, maximum isolation of 32.2 dB at 3.5 GHz, significant radiation efficiency of 93.7% at 4GHz is obtained. At 4 GHz, a strong peak gain of 3.6 dB, maximum isolation of 32.2 dB at 3.5 GHz, and considerable radiation efficiency of 93.7 % are realised. For this work, MIMO parameters such as ECC (approx. 0), DG (approx.10dB), TARC (<0.5), MEG (−12 dB < MEG (dB) < −3 dB) and CCL (< 0.5 bit/s/Hz) were achieved. The suggested antenna was simulated, constructed, and tested, and the simulated results were found to be very close to the experimental findings.

KEYWORDS:

• Frequency agile
• MIMO
• isolation
• cognitive radio
• PIN diode

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to show our gratitude to Mr Shadab Azam Siddique, IIT Patna for his continuous support and comments that greatly improved the manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Nagesh Kallollu Narayaswamy

Dr. Nagesh Kallollu Narayanaswamy is working as a Professor and Head of the Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, at Nagarjuna College of Engineering & Technology, Bengaluru, India. He completed his Ph.D. from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur (JNTUA) Anantapur- A.P, India in 2016. In 2007 he received his M.Tech. Degree in Digital electronics and communication from Nitte Mahalinga Adyanthaya Memorial Institute of Technology (NMAMIT) Mangalore, VTU, Karnataka, India. Completed B.E. in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Siddganga Institute of Technology (SIT) -Tumkur. VTU, Karnataka, India in 2005. He is a member of IEEE, a Life Member of IETE, and various other societies such as Antennas wave and Propagation society, etc. He has 15 years of teaching experience with UG and PG students. He has authored or co-authored more than 35 research papers in international journal/conference proceedings. His research interests include Wireless communication, Communication system, IoT, and Antennas. He is a reviewer of many international journal/conference proceedings.

Nirupama Malavalli Prasad

Dr. Nirupama Malavalli Prasad works at BML Munjal University as an Assistant Professor, Mentor, Member (Centre for Advanced Materials and Devices (CAMD)), Member CTLD TASK FORCE (Centre for Teaching, Learning, and Development), and Coordinator of the Committee for Strategic Initiatives. She is the founder and director of ViniBrawn Healthcare Solutions, a start-up company. She is also a Digital Marketing Consultant and mentor at EZOVION, an intelligent healthcare company. She is a recipient of TEQIP and an MHRD PhD Fellowship from the R.V. College of Engineering. She received her MTech in Electronics Engineering degree from B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bangalore, and her B.E. from Dayanand Sagar College of Engineering, Bengaluru, in Electronics & Communication Engineering. She has a PhD from Jain University, Bengaluru. She is also a Postgraduate in Human Rights from the Indian Institute of Human Rights, New Delhi & a Postgraduate in Women in Leadership from BML Munjal University, Gurugram, Haryana. Previously, she worked as a Research Scholar & Senior Research Fellow at R.V. College of Engineering, Bengaluru, and she also worked at National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), Bengaluru as a Project Assistant. She has published research papers in peer-reviewed SCI journals and presented her research work at renowned national and international conferences in India and abroad. She is also involved in social work to support and empower women and children. She is an IEEE Senior Member, and her area of research includes VLSI Design & Fabrication, IoT, Vacuum Nanoelectronics Devices & Applications, and Aerospace.

Sweta Singh

Dr. Sweta Singh has completed her D.Phil. degree on “investigation of gain and bandwidth enhancement techniques in microstrip patch antenna” from the University of Allahabad, Prayagraj. She completed her M. Tech degree in VLSI Design from Banasthali Vidhyapith in 2011. She did B.Tech in Electronics and Communications Engineering from UPTU, Lucknow. Presently she is an Assistant Professor at Dr. Rizvi College of Engineering and Management, Kaushambi (Uttar Pradesh). Her area of research includes RF & microwaves, microstrip antenna and VLSI Design & Fabrication.

Rakesh Kumar Singh

Dr. Rakesh Kumar Singh received his M.Tech. (Electronics Engineering) and PhD (Electronics and Communication) degree from Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and sciences during 2013 and 2018 respectively. He has completedhis B.Sc. and M.Sc. degree from University of Allahabad in 1999 and 2003 respectively. Currently, he is working as Director at SIET, Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh, affiliated from AKTU. He has teaching and research experience of about 16 years. Dr. Rakesh Kumar Singh has published 1 patent, 1 edited book and more than 14 papers in International Journals and Conferences and supervised more than three M.Tech. thesis. His research interest includes modelling and simulation of VLSI devices, RF and microwave devices and its applications.

Akhilesh Kumar

Akhilesh Kumar has completed his Bachelor of Technology degree from UPTU, India and M. Tech. degree from Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology Gorakhpur, India in 2015 and 2021 respectively. Currently, he is pursuing Ph.D. from National Institute of Technology Silchar, India. His research interest includes RF and microwave in massive MIMO, antenna design, millimeter wave, and smart antenna. He has authored many publications in his area of interests.

Brijesh Mishra

Dr. Brijesh Mishra received his M. Tech. (Electronics Engineering) and PhD (RF & Microwaves) degrees from the University of Allahabad in 2012 and 2018, respectively. Dr. Brijesh Mishra worked as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at Shambhunath Institute of Engineering and Technology (SIET) during 2012-2013 and again from 2017-2018, and as an Assistant Professor (NPIU-MHRD) in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology during 2018-2021. He is currently working as an Associate Professor and HoD in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at Shambhunath Institute of Engineering and Technology (SIET). He has published 1 patent, edited book and more than 45 research papers in journals of international repute, international conferences and book chapters. Dr. Brijesh Mishra has successfully completed two projects funded by the NPIU & the World Bank. He is the recipient of awards like Excellence in Performance and Outstanding Contributions. He has served as potential reviewer of more than 20 SCI & Scopus indexed journals, Organising Track Chair and Organising Secretary for the IEEE Conference (ICE3-2020), Springer Conference (ICVMWT-2021) and Taylor & Francis Conference (ICISSI-2022) respectively. He is a member of IEEE, ISTE, IE(I), IETE, IAENG and IFERP. His research interests include modelling, simulation and fabrication of RF and microwave devices, as well as their applications.