Notes
1. The calculation for a two-standard deviations S − N line for the non-destructive factor P = 50% and average in the figure is expressed by
The description of the hotspot stress approach to square pipe welded joints is in the first half of this paper, and one conclusion is that the design stress range (FAT) for N = 2 × 106 in the Δσhs − N f line of an aluminium alloy welded joint is contained in the 40 N/mm2 region.