What is the ‘Abu Sayyaf’? How labels shape reality

Abstract

Official sources and the media often represent the ‘Abu Sayyaf’ as a militant Islamist group or organization responsible for most atrocities in the southwestern Philippines. Frequently implicit within such representations is the assumption that the reported terrorist/bandit entity possesses the basic features of a conventional organization. Yet this assumption is irreconcilable with the many available descriptions of the armed groups labelled ‘Abu Sayyaf’ since the early 1990s. To resolve this incongruity, the article examines reigning perceptions of the ‘Abu Sayyaf’ in light of organization theory and network analysis. It begins with a summary of conventional definitions of organizations, before identifying alternative conceptual aids useful for understanding the phenomenon known as the ‘Abu Sayyaf’. It then teases out the presuppositions that underpin popular views of the phenomenon through a sample of early military and rebel depictions. It compares those presuppositions with the structural features of the armed coalitions involved in two mass kidnappings attributed to the ‘Abu Sayyaf’. The remainder of the article analyzes the ‘Abu Sayyaf’ in terms of ‘dark’ or illegal networks and supporting concepts from organization theory. To dispel the confusion surrounding the phenomenon, the article reviews the genealogy of the ‘Abu Sayyaf’ label in order to reveal the circumstances that gave birth to the perception of it as being a coherent group or organization. The article concludes with a brief ideal-typical interpretation of the covert networks in which the armed groups branded ‘Abu Sayyaf’ have been and continue to be enmeshed.

Keywords:

• terrorism
• dark networks
• Philippines
• kidnapping
• Southeast Asia

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank Soliman M. Santos Jr. and Professor Octavio Dinampo for providing us with valuable information. However, they may not share our interpretation of the data and are not responsible for any errors that might have been unwittingly incorporated into the paper. Responsibility for these matters lies entirely with the authors.

Eduardo F. Ugarte is Adjunct Research Associate at the Global Terrorism Research Centre, Monash University, Australia.

Mark Macdonald Turner is Professor of Development Policy and Management at the University of Canberra, Australia.

Notes

1. Ugarte (2010) examines official and media representations of the ‘Abu Sayyaf’ and shows how they often ascribe to it the characteristics of a formal organization.