Abstract
This report on a multi‐case study is part of an extensive research project conducted in the Netherlands. The overall goal of this project is to determine the features of effective in‐service and to establish the impact of these programs in terms of educational change at the school level. On the basis of a Delphi‐study, a survey was carried out among teachers, principals, and inservice trainers in schools for primary education. The multi‐case study, linked to the survey, attempted to map processes and outcomes achieved by in‐service programs as instruments for bringing about complex change at the school level and to indicate what factors contributed to the implementation of educational change.