The Beijing Games, National Identity and Modernization in China

Modern Olympics have always been about national prestige. The 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing was a good illustration. The unprecedented support level to the Beijing Games from the government to the public reflects the sense of national identity which is motivated by the memories of past grandeur and humiliation and the keenness to build a new, vigorous, modern and strong nation in the world.

Through examining Beijing's two Olympic bids, construction of infrastructural facilities, the choreography of the Games' Opening Ceremony and the widely publicized Olympic slogans, this paper explores the complicated relationship between national identity building, modernization drive and the Beijing Games. It claims that Olympic victory has been regarded as the public embodiment of national strength and symbolic of China's emerging status in the world.; the building of a new national identity has been closely linked with modernisation which is inseparable from the ongoing globalization, urbanization and migration in the country. In addition, the Games facilitated China's modernisation in industry, communication, transportation and management. The Games was not just the dream fulfilled, but a future vision.

Notes

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[9] Modernization theory in the West has evolved over time. In the 1950s and 1960s it attempted to explain the diffusion of Western styles of living, technological innovations and individualist types of communication as the superiority of secular, materialist, Western, individualist culture and of individual motivation and achievement; In the 1970s and 1980s the influence of Western modernization was criticized and since the 1990s postmodernity theory has tried to be more neutral, being not in favour of or against Western modernization, to unearth the contradictions in the modernization process and to explain the consequences of modernity for individuals in contemporary society. However, the concept of postmodernity is confusing when modernization is considered as a continuous and open-ended process.

[10] Some 3,000 students from Peking University and other schools demonstrated in Beijing on 4 May 1919 to protest against the Chinese government's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles, especially the Shandong Problem. The May the Fourth Movement takes its name from the protest. The radical intellectuals blamed traditional culture for the dramatic and rapid fall of China into a subordinate international position, and maintained that China's cultural values prevented China from matching the industrial and military development of Japan and the West.

[11] At the first meeting of the Third National People's Congress in December 1964 Zhou Enlai put forward in the Governmental Work Report that by the end of twentieth century China should become a strong socialist country with modern agriculture, industry, national defence and technology.

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[49] Liu Qi, ‘aoyun cujin chengshi fazhan – renwen beijing, keji beijing, lvse beijing’[‘The Olympics promoted city development – Humanitarian Beijing, Hi-tech Beijing and Green Beijing’], Aoyun chengshi luntan [‘Olympic Host City Forum’], 8 Aug. 2009.

[50] China Modernization Report 2005. The first modernization means the transformation from a traditional agricultural economy to a modern industrial economy and from an agrarian to an industrial society. The second economic modernization refers to the change from industrial time and society to knowledge time and society.

[51]‘Zhongguo xiandaihua yanjiu xiaozu’[‘Study Task Team on China's Modernization Strategy’]

[52] Hawksworth and Cookson, ‘The World in 2050 Beyond the BRIC Economies, 13.

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[57]‘Shen yubiao, tongji ju: zhongguo chengzhen renkou chao 6 yi renkou chengzhen hua sudu jianhuan’[‘Statistics Bureau: China's urban population surpasses 600 million and the pace of urbanization slows down’], available at http://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/news/2009/02-15/1563938.shtml, accessed 25 Feb. 2009.

[58]‘He Chuanqi: ao yun hui shi zhongguo canyu guoji shiwu di san ge li cheng bei’[‘He Chuanqi: The Olympic Games is the third milestone of China's involvement in the international affairs’], 23 Aug. 2008, available at http://www.chinanews.com.cn/olympic/news/2008/08-23/1358297.shtml, accessed 23 Aug. 2008.

[59] David Crary, ‘China strides onto Olympic stage’, 8 Aug. 2008, available at http://sports.yahoo.com/olympics/news?slug=ap-openingceremony&prov=ap&type=lgns, accessed 8 Aug. 2008.

[60] Yan Tao, Chen Weihua, ‘Jin 8.5 yi zhong guo guan zhong shou kan Beijing ao yun hui kai mu zhuan bo’[‘Nearly 850 million Chinese viewers watched the live broadcast of the Opening Ceremony of the Beijing Games’], 9 Sept. 2008, available at www.xinhuanet.com, accessed 9 Sept. 2008.

[61] Hogan, Gender, Race and National Identity, .96

[62]‘Beijing Seeks Olympic Ceremony Proposals’, 1 March 2005, available at crienglish.com, accessed 1 Mar. 2005.

[63] Ibid.

[64] For example, the chief designer of virtual effects, Cai Guoqiang, and the chief music designer of the opening ceremony, Chen Qigang, were overseas Chinese from USA and France respectively.

[65]‘Zhuti qingxi, chuangyi xinying, zhizuo jingliang, guoji shiye – cong Beijing ao yun hui kai mu shi kan d axing huo dong de zu zhi yun ying’[‘Clear topic, novel idea, delicate making, international vision – analysis of the mega-event organization and operation from the Openning and Closing Ceremonies of Beijing Olympic Games’], Guang Ming Ribao[Guang Ming Daily], 20 Sept. 2008

[66] Data from interview with a Martial arts judge at the games.

[67] Hogan, Gender, Race and National Identity, 98.

[68]Li Huan, ‘ao yun kai mu shi zhongguo yuan su jie du’[‘Analysis of the Chinese Elements of the Olympic Opening Ceremony], Hua xi du shi bao[West China City Daily], 9 Aug. 2008.

[69] Hogan, Gender, Race and National Identity, 3.

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[76] He Chuanqi, Dong fang fu xin.

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[79] Melinda Liu, ‘The Opening Ceremony and China's Past’, 8 Aug. 2008, accessed 8 Aug. 2008.

[80] On women athletes and national identity in China, see Dong Jinxia, ‘National Identity, Olympic Victory and Chinese Sportswomen’.

[81] Regarding women athletes and national identity see ibid.

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[85] Data from the Department of Economics of the State Sports Administration.

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[91] Kobe is an NBA All-Star shooting guard for the Los Angeles Lakers. Most Chinese young people wanted to go to the basketball stadium because of him. Therefore, it was extremely difficult to get a ticket for the matches between the US and other teams.

[92] He became the most successful and popular athlete in Beijing 2008 where he won eight gold medals in swimming.

[93] Bolt not only won three gold medals in athletics, but also became the first sprinter to set three world records in the same Olympics.

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[97] The author worked in the National Indoor Stadium. The data are either from the information provided by the venue management team or observation and interview.

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[101] On this, see Brady, ‘The Beijing Olympics as a Campaign of Mass Distraction’.

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[108]‘Views of China and Russia Decline in Global Poll’, 5 Feb. 2009, available at http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/feb09/BBCEvals_Feb09_rpt.pdf, accessed 5 Feb. 2009.

[109] Yongnian Zheng, Discovering Chinese Nationalism in China, 19.

[110]Dong yan, ‘Ao yun hui hou de zhongguo si kao: dui hua Beijing da xue li shi xi qian cheng dan jiao shou’[‘Post-Olympic thinking: dialogue with professor Qian Chengdan from the History Department of Peking University’], zhongguo bao dao[China report] 9 (12 Sept. 2008).

[111] Ren Zhongping, ‘Beijing xin zheng tu de you yi ge qi dian – xie zai di 29 jie ao yun hui bi mu zhi ji’[‘Beijing, another starting point of new journey – writing on the moment of the close if the 29th Olympiad’], Beijing cheng bao[Beijing Morning Post], 26 Aug. 2008.

[112] Pew Research Center, ‘Global Economic Gloom – China and India Notable Exceptions: Some Positive Signs for US Image’, 12 June 20008, available at http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID=260, accessed 5 Feb. 2009.

[113] National Bureau of Statistics of China, 15 April 2009, available at http://data.acmr.com.cn, accessed 12 Jun. 2008.