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Articles

‘Striking the Mighty Anvil Known as “Propaganda”’: Journalism and the Institutionalization of Sport in Spain, 1890–1920

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Abstract

Sports journalism played a crucial role in the early institutionalization process of sport in Spain (late nineteenth-early twentieth centuries), prompting the creation of regional and, ultimately, national federations gathering clubs in each discipline with the aim of regulating, organizing and promoting these. This is particularly the case of the more relevant disciplines of the time: cycling, gymnastics, association football and athletics. In all four cases, governing bodies emerged later than in neighbouring, more developed countries like France, Italy and Britain/England, and the sporting press played a central role in promoting, organizing, and sustaining the corresponding regional and national federations. Although various journalists, editors and publishers played a crucial role in this endeavour, one individual stands out: Narciso Masferrer Sala. Masferrer was the cornerstone of sports journalism and institutionalization in Spain from the last decade of the nineteenth century until his death in 1941. Although not involved in the initial creation of the Unión Velocipédica Española, he took its reins in 1899 and steered the organization through the turbulent 1900–1913 period; he led almost single-handedly the founding of the Federación Gimnástica Española in 1898; he launched a successful campaign to set up the Federación Española de Clubs de Football in 1909 and sustained the entity through the stormy 1910–1913 years; and in 1915 he led the campaign to create the Federación Atlética Catalana, forerunner of the Federación Atlética Española, established a few years later.

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes

1 David Rowe, ‘The Sport/Media Complex: Formation, Flowering, and Future’, in A Companion to Sport, ed. David L. Andrews and Ben Carrington (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2013), 61–77; Sut Jhally, ‘The Spectacle of Accumulation: Material and Cultural Factors in the Evolution of the Sports/Media Complex’, Insurgent Sociologist 12, no. 3 (1984): 41–57.

2 See, for instance, Sut Jhally, ‘Cultural Studies and the Sports/Media Complex’, in Media, Sports, and Society, ed. Lawrence A. Wennell (London: Sage, 1989), 70–96; David Rowe, Sport, Culture and the Media: The Unruly Trinity (Maidenhead, UK: Open University Press, 2004).

3 Robert W. McChesney. ‘Media Made Sport: A History of Sports Coverage in the United States’, in Media, Sports, and Society, ed. Lawrence A. Wennell (London: Sage, 1989), 50, 52.

4 McChesney, ‘Media Made Sport’, 54.

5 Hugh Dauncey and Geoff Hare, eds., The Tour de France 19032003. A Century of Sporting Structures, Meanings and Values (London: Frank Cass, 2003); Christopher Thompson, The Tour de France. A Cultural History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006).

6 Xavier Torrebadella-Flix and Javier Olivera-Betrán, ‘The Birth of the Sports Press in Spain within the Regenerationist Context of the Late Nineteenth Century’, The International Journal of the History of Sport 30, no. 18 (2013): 2186.

7 See, for instance, Fernando Sánchez Postigo, Fuentes documentales deportivas aplicadas a la historia de un club deportivo español: historia del club Atlético de Madrid [Sports Information Sources Applied to the History of a Spanish Sporting Club: The History of Atlético de Madrid] (PhD dissertation, Universidad Complutense, 2005); Xavier Pujadas and Carles Santacana, ‘Prensa, deporte y cultura de masas. El papel del periodismo especializado en la expansión social del deporte en Cataluña hasta la guerra civil (1890–1936)’ [The Press, Sport and Mass Culture. The Role of Sports Journalism in the Social Introduction of Sport in Catalonia until the Civil War (1890–1936)], Historia y Comunicación Social 17 (2012): 141–57; Xavier Torrebadella-Flix and Xavier Olivera-Betrán, ‘Las primeras revistas profesionales y científicas de la educación física española (1882–1936)’ [The first professional and scientific magazines in Spanish physical education (1882–1936)], Apunts. Educación Física y Deportes 109 (2012): 11–24; Torrebadella-Flix and Olivera-Betrán, ‘The Birth of the Sports Press’.

8 Xavier Pujadas and Carles Santacana, ‘El club deportivo como marco de sociabilidad en España. Una visión histórica’ [The Sporting Club as a Framework for Sociability in Spain. A Historical Perspective] (1850–1975), Hispania LXIII/2, no. 214 (2003): 501–23; Xavier Pujadas and Carles Santacana, L’esport és notícia [Sport Makes the News] (Barcelona: Col·legi de Periodistes de Catalunya, 1997).

9 Pujadas and Santacana, ‘Prensa, deporte y cultura de masas’.

10 José Altabella, ‘Historia de la prensa deportiva madrileña’ [A History of Madrid’s Sports Periodicals], in Orígenes del deporte madrileño: 18701936 [Origins of Madrid’s Sport: 1870–1936], ed. Ramón Zabalza (Madrid: Comunidad de Madrid, 1988), 169–226.

11 Josep Maria Figueres, ‘Notes sobre un segle de revistes i diaris esportius’ [Notes on a Century of Sports Magazines and Newspapers], Annals del Periodisme Català 20 (1992): 22–32; María Luisa Berasategui, ‘Datos para la historia de la prensa deportiva en Cataluña’ [Notes for a History of the Sports Press in Catalonia], Revista General de Información y Documentación, 10, no. 1 (2000): 153–69; Pujadas and Santacana, L’esport és notícia; Pujadas and Santacana, ‘Prensa, deporte y cultura de masas’; Clara Sainz de Baranda, ‘Orígenes de la prensa diaria deportiva: El Mundo Deportivo’ [The Origins of the Daily Sports Press: El Mundo Deportivo], Materiales para la Historia del Deporte 11 (2013): 7–27.

12 Torrebadella-Flix and Olivera-Betrán, ‘The Birth of the Sports Press’; Torrebadella-Flix and Olivera-Betrán, ‘Las primeras revistas profesionales’; Juan Antonio Simón, ‘Conquistando a las masas: el impacto del deporte en la prensa española, 1900–1936’ [Captivating the masses: the influence of sport in the Spanish press, 1900–1936], Recorde: Revista Histórica do Esporte 1–5 (2012): 1–40; Juan Antonio Simón, Construyendo una pasión. El fútbol en España 19001936 (Logroño: Universidad Internacional de la Rioja, 2015), Chap. VI; Andrew McFarland, ‘Building a Mass Activity: Fandom, Class and Business in Early Spanish Football’, Soccer & Society 8, no. 2/3 (2007): 205–20.

13 Pujadas and Santacana, ‘Prensa, deporte y cultura de masas’.

14 Torrebadella-Flix and Olivera-Betrán, ‘The Birth of the Sports Press’.

15 Pujadas and Santacana, ‘Prensa, deporte y cultura de masas’.

16 McChesney, ‘Media Made Sport’, 53.

17 Pujadas and Santacana, ‘Prensa, deporte y cultura de masas’: 144.

18 Torrebadella-Flix and Olivera-Betrán, ‘The Birth of the Sports Press’: 2173.

19 Pujadas and Santacana, ‘Prensa, deporte y cultura de masas’: 145.

20 Torrebadella-Flix and Olivera-Betrán, ‘The Birth of the Sports Press’: 2173.

21 Berasategui, ‘Datos para la historia’; Torrebadella-Flix and Olivera-Betrán, ‘The Birth of the Sports Press’.

22 Pujadas and Santacana, ‘Prensa, deporte y cultura de masas’: 146.

23 Pujadas and Santacana, ‘Prensa, deporte y cultura de masas’; Torrebadella-Flix and Olivera-Betrán, ‘The Birth of the Sports Press’.

24 Pujadas and Santacana, ‘El club deportivo como marco de sociabilidad’; Pujadas and Santacana, L’esport és notícia; Pujadas and Santacana, ‘Prensa, deporte y cultura de masas’.

25 Xavier Torrebadella-Flix, ‘Forjando los Juegos Olímpicos de Barcelona: la contribución e influencia de Narciso Masferrer y Sala en la configuración del deporte nacional e internacional (1900–1910)’ [Forging the Barcelona Olympics: the role and influence of Narciso Masferrer y Sala in the configuration of national and international sport (1900–1910)], Citius, Altius, Fortius 8, no. 1 (2015): 61–103; Bernat López, ‘La forja de un apóstol: El joven Narciso Masferrer en su cruzada por la “deportización” de España’ [The Forging of an Apostle: The Young Narciso Masferrer in his Crusade for the Sportization of Spain], in Perfiles de periodistas contemporáneos [Contemporary Jounalists’ Profiles], ed. C. Almuiña, R. Martín and J.-V. Pelaz (Madrid: Fragua, 2016), 89–110; Xavier Torrebadella, ‘Narciso Masferrer y el deporte en la encrucijada del regeneracionismo, el nacionalismo y el problema social en la España de principios del siglo XX (1897–1920)’ [Narciso Masferrer and Sport in the Crossroads of Regenerationism, Nationalism and the Social Problem in Early Twentieth-Century Spain (1897–1920)], Cuadernos de Fútbol 90 (2017), www.cihefe.es/cuadernosdefutbol/2017/09/narciso-masferrer-y-el-deporte-en-la-encrucijada-del-regeneracionismo-el-nacionalismo-y-el-problema-social-en-la-espana-de-principios-del-siglo-xx-1897-1920 (accessed May 2022); Bernat López, ‘“El presidente de las bicicletas”: Narciso Masferrer, factótum del ciclismo español (1898–1913)’ [‘The President of Bicycles’: Narciso Masferrer, Factotum of Spanish Cycling (1898–1913)], Cuadernos de Fútbol 90 (2017), www.cihefe.es/cuadernosdefutbol/2017/09/el-presidente-de-las-bicicletas-narciso-masferrer-factotum-del-ciclismo-espanol-1898-1913 (accessed May 2022); Bernat López, ‘55 años de apostolado deportivo: Cronología de la obra de Narciso Masferrer Sala’ [55 Years of Sports Apostolate: A Chronology of Narciso Masferrer Sala’s Work], Cuadernos de Fútbol 90 (2017), www.cihefe.es/cuadernosdefutbol/2017/09/55-anos-de-apostolado-deportivo-cronologia-de-la-obra-de-narciso-masferrer-sala (accessed May 2022); Bernat López and Xavier Pujadas, ‘Introducción: todos los caminos llevan a Masferrer’ [Introduction: All Roads Lead to Masferrer]. Cuadernos de Fútbol 90 (2017), www.cihefe.es/cuadernosdefutbol/2017/09/introduccion-todos-los-caminos-llevan-a-masferrer (accessed May 2022); Fernando Arrechea, ‘Narciso Masferrer y los orígenes del olimpismo en España’ [Narciso Masferrer and the Origins of Olympism in Spain]. Cuadernos de Fútbol 90 (2017), www.cihefe.es/cuadernosdefutbol/2017/09/narciso-masferrer-y-los-origenes-del-olimpismo-en-espana (accessed May 2022); Xavier Pujadas, ‘Narciso Masferrer Sala, impulsor y modernizador del periodismo deportivo en España (1897–1920)’ [Narciso Masferrer Sala, Promoter and Modernizer of Sports Journalism in Spain], Cuadernos de Fútbol 90 (2017), www.cihefe.es/cuadernosdefutbol/2017/09/narciso-masferrer-sala-impulsor-y-modernizador-del-periodismo-deportivo-en-espana-1897-192 (accessed May 2022); Iván Vega and Bernat López, Del velocipedisme al ciclisme esportiu. Història de la Federació Catalana de Ciclisme [From Velocipedism to Cycle Sport. A History of the Catalan Cycling Federation] (Senan: Cultura Ciclista, 2019).

26 López, ‘55 años de apostolado deportivo’.

27 Narciso Masferrer, ‘Retratos a pluma: Periodistas deportivos’ [Quill’s Portraits: Sports Journalists], El Mundo Deportivo, October 19, 1911, 1.

28 M.F.C, ‘Con motivo de unas bodas: Sindicato de Periodistas Deportivos’ [In the Anniversary of a Marriage: Sindicato de Periodistas Deportivos], El Mundo Deportivo, October 26, 1911, 1.

29 M.F.C., ‘Sindicato Periodistas Deportivos: Constitución definitiva’ [Sindicato de Periodistas Deportivos: Definitive Constitution], El Mundo Deportivo, January 18, 1912, 3.

30 Torrebadella-Flix and Olivera-Betrán, ‘The Birth of the Sports Press’.

31 Torrebadella-Flix and Olivera-Betrán, ‘The Birth of the Sports Press’; Pujadas and Santacana, ‘Prensa, deporte y cultura de masas’.

32 Vega and López, Del velocipedisme al ciclisme esportiu.

33 ‘Unión Velocipédica Española’, El Deporte Velocipédico, October 30, 1895, 4; ‘Unión Velocipédica Española’, El Deporte Velocipédico, November 13, 1895, 6; Juan Gutiérrez, ‘La Federación Española de Ciclismo cumple… ¡120 años!’ [The Spanish Cycling Federation Reaches its… 120th Anniversary!], As, November 13, 2015, as.com/ciclismo/2015/11/13/mas_ciclismo/1447370049_351759.html (accessed May 2022); E.M.D., ‘X aniversario de la fundación de la Unión Velocipédica Española’ [Tenth Anniversary of the Unión Velocipédica Española’s Founding Date], El Mundo Deportivo, February 8, 1906, 6.

34 Pujadas and Santacana, ‘Prensa, deporte y cultura de masas’.

35 ‘Dos proyectos importantes’ [Two Relevant Projects]. El Ciclista, November 11, 1891, 4.

36 ‘La Unión Velocipédica del Este’, El Ciclista, May 4, 1892, 3.

37 ‘Unión Velocipédica del Este’, El Ciclista, September 29, 1892, 4; ‘Ecos de club’ [Club’s Echoes], El Ciclista, November 16, 1892, 6.

38 ‘Notas del día: La Unión Velocipédica Española’ [Notes of the Day: the Unión Velocipédica Española], El Ciclista, February 1, 1893, 5

39 ‘Notas del día’ [Notes of the Day], El Ciclista, September 15, 1994, 5; ‘Sociedades y conferencias’, El Día, September 18, 1894, 2.

40 Jaime de Navinés [Claudi de Rialp’s pseudonym], ‘Nuestro programa unionista’ [Our Unionist Programme], El Ciclista, June 15, 1895, 2; ‘Velocipedismo’, El Imparcial, August 2, 1895, 4.

41 Juan Gutiérrez, ‘La Federación Española de Ciclismo cumple… ¡120 años!’ [The Spanish Cycling Federation Reaches its… 120th Anniversary!], As, November 13, 2015, as.com/ciclismo/2015/11/13/mas_ciclismo/1447370049_351759.html (accessed May 2022).

42 Claudio de Rialp, ‘A propósito de un aniversario: Las bodas de plata de la UVE’ [Concerning an Anniversary: 25 Years of the UVE], Stadium, September 30, 1920, 539.

43 ‘Unión Velocipédica Española’, El Deporte Velocipédico, November 13, 1895, 6; E.M.D., ‘X aniversario de la fundación de la Unión Velocipédica Española’ [Tenth Anniversary of the Unión Velocipédica Española’s Founding Date], El Mundo Deportivo, February 8, 1906, 6.

44 ‘Hojas sueltas. Aniversario’ [Loose Sheets. Anniversary], Los Deportes, December 15, 1897, 59.

45 ‘Notas locales’ [Local Notes], La Vanguardia, May 26, 1898, 2.

46 ‘La reunión de Los Deportes’ [The Meeting of Los Deportes], Los Deportes, March 15, 1899, 89; ‘Excursiones’ [Outings], Los Deportes, April 1, 1899, 112; ‘Nuestra excursión’ [Our Outing], Los Deportes, April 15, 1899, 122.

47 X. de la Z., ‘Conversaciones: A propósito de la Unión Velocipédica Española’ [Conversations: Concerning the Unión Velocipédica Española], Los Deportes, July 9, 1899, 712; ‘Unión Velocipédica Española’, Los Deportes, July 16, 1899, 730; ‘A los unionistas’ [To the Unionists], Los Deportes, July 23, 1899, 745.

48 N. Masferrer, ‘Aquellos tiempos…’ [The Good Old Days], El Mundo Deportivo, March 12, 1908, 1; Gladiator, ‘Tiempos pasados: El nacimiento de la Gimnástica’ [The Days of Yore: the Birth of the Gimnástica], Stadium, April 24, 1915, 265.

49 ‘Crónica local’ [Local News], La Dinastia, April 6, 1897, 2; ‘Notas locales’ [Local News], La Vanguardia, January 23, 1898, 2.

50 Narciso Masferrer, ‘Prólogo’ [Foreword], in Emilio Navarro, Álbum histórico de las sociedades deportivas de Barcelona [A Historic Scrapbook of Barcelona’s Sports Entities] (Barcelona: Imprenta José Ortega, 1917), 5–10; Narciso Masferrer, ‘Después del balance: Saldos pendientes’ [Following the Balance: Some Bargains Left], El Mundo Deportivo, February 28, 1916, 1.

51 Arrechea, España y los Juegos Olímpicos [Spain and the Olympics] (PhD dissertation, Universidad Católica de Murcia, 2017); María José Daniel, García Fraguas y la implantación de la educación física en España [García Fraguas and the Introduction of Physical Education in Spain] (Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 2014).

52 Arrechea, España y los Juegos Olímpicos, 59.

53 N.M., ‘Aviso amistoso’ [Friendly Warning], Los Deportes, April 1, 1899, 107.

54 Narciso Masferrer, ‘¡Al vado o a la puente!’ [Whatever it Takes], Los Deportes, May 28, 1899, 212.

55 Pedro Cercós, ‘Asamblea general de la Federación Gimnástica Española’ [General Assembly of the Federación Gimnástica Española], Los Deportes, October 1, 1899, 904.

56 ‘Federación Gimnástica Española’, Los Deportes, May 18, 1902, 294.

57 D. Porte, ‘Los deportes en Cataluña’ [Sports in Catalonia], Arte y Sport, September 10, 1904, 5.

58 Xavier Torrebadella, Javier Olivera and Mireia M. Bou, ‘Origen i institucionalització de l’associacionisme gimnasticoesportiu a Espanya al segle XIX (1822–1900)’ [Origins and Institutionalization of Gymnastic-Sporting Associationism in Spain in the Ninetheeth Century (1822–1900)]. Apunts. Educació física i esports 119 (2015): 7–54.

59 ‘Constitución de la Federación Gimnástica Española’, ABC, June 12, 1932, 67.

60 ‘Miscelánea’, Los Deportes, December 8, 1901, 781.

61 Un Zaguero, ‘¿Asociación inter-clubs?’ [Inter-Clubs Association?], Los Deportes, July 20, 1902, 438.

62 ‘Hablemos claro’ [Let’s Speak Clearly], Los Deportes, November 2, 1902, 659; Ros y Vila, ‘Interview con el Sr. Alesson’, Los Deportes, November 23, 1902, 708; Víctor Martínez Patón, ‘El centenario de la federación regional catalana’ [The Centennial of the Catalan Regional Federation]. Cuadernos de Fútbol 46 (2013), www.cihefe.es/cuadernosdefutbol/2013/09/el-centenario-de-la-federacion-regional-catalana (accessed May 2022).

63 Martínez Patón, ‘El centenario de la federación’.

64 Luis Javier Bravo Mayor and Víctor Martínez Patón, ‘Biografía de Ceferino Rodríguez Avecilla’, Cuadernos de Fútbol 31 (2012), www.cihefe.es/cuadernosdefutbol/2012/04/biografia-de-ceferino-rodriguez-avecilla (accessed May 2022).

65 ‘Miscelánea’, Los Deportes, March 20, 1904, 187.

66 ‘Federación Española de Foot-ball Asociación’, El Mundo Deportivo, August 30, 1906, 2; ‘De aquí y de allá’, El Mundo Deportivo, September 6, 1906, 2.

67 Isidro Lloret, ‘Foot-ball’, Los Deportes, November 10, 1906, 802–4; Isidro Lloret, ‘Foot-ball’, Los Deportes, December 8, 1906, 802; Isidro Lloret, ‘Foot-ball’, Los Deportes, December 22, 1906, 962.

68 ‘Federación Española de Clubs de Foot-ball’, El Mundo Deportivo, March 21, 1907, 3.

69 ‘Sigamos igual’ [Business as Usual], Los Deportes, April 17, 1909, 76.

70 M. Mensa, ‘Federación Española de Clubs de Foot-ball’, El Mundo Deportivo, July 22, 1909, 1.

71 M. Mensa, ‘Foot-ball: Los acuerdos de la federación’ [Football: The Federation’s Agreements]. El Mundo Deportivo, February 2, 1910, 1; M. Mensa, ‘Federación Española de Clubs de Foot-ball’, El Mundo Deportivo, October 21, 1909, 2; M. Mensa, ‘Foot-ball’, El Mundo Deportivo, October 14, 1909, 4.

72 ‘FECF. La asamblea footballista’ [FECF. The Football’s Convention], El Mundo Deportivo, October 20, 1910, 1.

73 Bernat López, ‘The Failed Vuelta Ciclista a España of 1913 and the Launching of the Volta a Catalunya (1911–1913): Centre Versus Periphery in the Struggle for the Governance of Cycling in Early Twentieth-Century Spain’, Sport in History 30, no. 4 (2010): 547–69.

74 El Mundo Deportivo, April 20, 1911.

75 N.M., ‘La asamblea footballista: Junta general de la FECF’ [The Football’s Convention: General Assembly of the FECF], El Mundo Deportivo, December 7, 1911, 1; EMD, ‘La asamblea velocipédica: El XIV congreso de la UVE’ [The Velocipedic Assembly: the UVE’s Fourteenth Convention], El Mundo Deportivo, December 14, 1911, 1.

76 ‘Federación Española de Clubs de Foot-ball: La asamblea general’ [Federación Española de Clubs de Foot-ball: The General Assembly]. El Mundo Deportivo, May 23, 1912, 2.

77 ‘El foot-ball en España. Federaciones’ [Football in Spain. Federations]. El Mundo Deportivo, August 22, 1912, 1.

78 Narciso Masferrer, ‘Lo manda el rey’ [The King’s Command], El Mundo Deportivo, October 10, 1912, 1.

79 Martínez Patón, ‘El centenario de la federación’.

80 ‘Foot-ball’, La Vanguardia, December 14, 1912, 4.

81 ‘Mirando al porvenir. 1913’ [Looking Forward], El Mundo Deportivo, January 2, 1913, 1; ‘Foot-ball: Los campeonatos de España’ [Football: the Spanish Championship], El Mundo Deportivo, March 20, 1913, 1; ‘La asamblea de la federación española’ [The Assembly of the Spanish Federation], El Mundo Deportivo, June 5, 1913, 5.

82 ‘Foot-ball: La junta general de la federación catalana’ [Football: The General Assembly of the Catalan Federation], El Mundo Deportivo, July 10, 1913, 1.

83 A., ‘Foot-ball: De la asamblea nacional’ [Football: About the National Assembly], El Mundo Deportivo, September 11, 1913, 5.

84 ‘Foot-ball’, El Mundo Deportivo, September 25, 1913, 4.

85 “Deportes y turismo. Foot-ball”, La Vanguardia, September 15, 1914, 4.

86 Vicente Martínez Calatrava, Historia y Estadística del Fútbol Español. I Parte: De los inicios a los Juegos de Amberes (1920) [History and Statistics of Spanish Football. First Volume: From the Origins to the Antwerp Olympics] (Barcelona: Digital Center, 2001); Ricardo Cabot, ‘Conmemorando un aniversario: Balance general 1906–1916’ [Celebrating an Anniversary: General Assessment 1906–1916]. El Mundo Deportivo, February 21, 1916, 1.

87 Such was the importance of Cabot within the Spanish Football Federation that, despite having served as its general secretary throughout the Civil War (1936–1939) while in the Republican side, in 1946 the Franco regime acquiesced in allowing him back into this role in the new Francoist federation. See Alfil, ‘Don Ricardo Cabot nuevo secretario de la FEF’ [Mr. Ricardo Cabot, new secretary of the FEF], El Mundo Deportivo, May 8, 1946, 1.

88 Conrado Durántez, El centenario del Comité Olímpico Español. Un siglo de olimpismo [The Centennial of the Spanish Olympic Committee. A Century of Olympism] (Madrid: Comité Olímpico Español, 2013). Fernando Arrechea argues that a previous Spanish Olympic Committee already existed in 1905, a fact that Durántez denies. Arrechea, España y los Juegos Olímpicos.

89 Manuel Nogareda, ‘Nuestras campañas: En pro de la federación atlética’ [Our Campaigns: In Support of the Athletics Federation], El Mundo Deportrivo, March 22, 1915, 1.

90 N. Masferrer, ‘¡Mañana!’ [Tomorrow!]. El Mundo Deportivo, January 18, 1915, 1.

91 Ricardo Cabot, ‘Federación atlética: Convocatoria’ [Athletics Federation: A Call], Stadium, March 27, 1915, 199; Narciso Masferrer, ‘Federación atlética: Procedamos como atletas’ [Athletics Federation: Let’s Behave as Athletes], El Mundo Deportivo, March 29, 1915, 2.

92 Ibid.

93 Winter, ‘La asamblea de constitución: Federación Atlética Catalana’ [The Founding Assembly: Federación Atlética Catalana], El Mundo Deportivo, September 6, 1915, 1.

94 Ibid.

95 Manuel Orbea, ‘Federaciones atléticas: Respuestas interesantes’ [Athletics Federations: Interesting Responses], El Mundo Deportivo, April 3, 1916, 1; ‘De aquí y de allá’ [Here and There], El Mundo Deportivo, November 13, 1917, 2; ‘Atletismo’ [Athletics], El Mundo Deportivo, September 5, 1916, 4; ‘Atletismo: Federación Atlética Vizcaína’, El Mundo Deportivo, December 11, 1917, 4.

96 ‘Atletismo: Federación Atlética Española’, El Mundo Deportivo, April 8, 1920, 4; Félix Martialay, Amberes. Allí nació la furia española [Antwerp: Where the Spanish Fury Was Born] (Madrid: Real Federación Española de Fútbol, 2000).

97 McChesney, ‘Media Made Sport’.

98 X. de la Z. [Masferrer’s nickname], ‘Por buen camino’ [On the Right Track], Los Deportes, May 5, 1901, 279.

99 ‘I fight and will keep fighting […] for the creation and continuity of national [sports governing] entities’ (N. Masferrer, ‘A mis amigos Kindelán, Casuso, Carruana, Quintana, Baonza, Navarro, Zaera, Harrper, Morales, Rodríguez y Lemmel’ [To my Friends Kindelán, Casuso, Carruana, Quintana, Baonza, Navarro, Zaera, Harrper, Morales, Rodríguez y Lemmel], El Mundo Deportivo, April 7, 1910, 2); ‘I must confess that I love the sublime idea of federation. In the field of sport […] there is only room […] for one Saint Peter’ (Mefisto [Masferrer’s nickname], ‘Crítica sportiva: Veloces’ [Sports Commentary: The Rapid Ones]. El Mundo Deportivo, May 25, 1911, 1); ‘I have been begging, preaching and writing for years to convince the partisans of each sport […] to set up their own federation’ (Rotax [Masferrer’s nickname], ‘El partido regenerador: ¿Cuajará?’ [Will the Regenerative Party crystalize?], El Mundo Deportivo, October 5, 1911, 1).

100 R. Torres, ‘Narciso Masferrer, un enamorado del ciclismo’ [Narciso Masferrer, in Love with Cycling]. El Mundo Deportivo, September 1, 1975, 21.

101 Andrew Ritchie, ‘The Origins of Bicycle Racing in England: Technology, Entertainment, Sponsorship and Advertising in the Early History of the Sport’, Journal of Sport History 26, no. 3 (1999): 489–520.

102 Christopher S. Thompson, The Tour de France (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006).

103 Federazione Ciclistica Italiana, ‘Storia della Federazione Ciclistica Italiana’, www.federciclismo.it/it/infopage/storia-della-federazione-ciclistica-italiana/0aac75db-d9e7-4f15-972c-18e3f77e1ebd/ (accessed May 2022).

104 Michael Ovens, Discourse in Steel. Aspects of Interpersonal Violence, Anxiety, and the negotiation of Masculine Identity in Western European Literature (PhD dissertation, University of Western Australia, 2016).

105 Raymond Barrull, Les étapes de la gymnastique au sol et aux agrès en France et dans le monde (Paris: Fédération Française de Gymnastique, 1984).

106 Federazione Ginnastica d’Italia, ‘Storia della Federazione Ginnastica d’Italia’, www.federginnastica.it/la-federazione/la-storia.html (accessed May 2022).

107 The Football Association, ‘The history of the Football Association’, www.thefa.com/about-football-association/what-we-do/history (accessed May 2022).

108 Paul Dietschy, ‘1918–1920, des tranchées aux stades: Quelques éclairages sur la sortie de guerre des sportifs français et des fédérations de football européennes’, Histoire@Politique 3, no. 3 (2007).

109 Fiorenzo Radogna, ‘I 120 anni della FIGC in 20 tappe e numeri: da Torino a Berlino e al commissario senza Russia’, Corriere della Sera, March 15, 2018, www.corriere.it/sport/cards/i-120-anni-figc-20-tappe-numeri-torino-berlino-commissario-senza-russia/stemma.shtml (accessed May 2022).

110 John Lister, Athletics in the United Kingdom: The Rise and Fall of the British Athletic Federation (Tatham Publishing, 2011).

111 Pierre Arnaud, ‘L’Union des Sociétés Francaises de Sports Athletiques ou la construction de l’espace sportif dans la France metropolitaine (1887–1897)’, in Le sport et ses espaces XIXe - XXe siècles, ed. Pierre Arnaud and Thierry Terret (Paris: Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques, 1998).

112 Comitato Olimpico Nazionale Italiano, ‘La storia della Fidal’, www.coni.it/it/federazioni-sportive-nazionali/federazione-italiana-atletica-leggera-fidal.html (accessed May 2022).

113 Other Spanish national and regional sports federations created after 1920 and before the Civil War (1936–39) include: Federación Catalana de Natación (1921), Federación Española de Deportes de Defensa (1921), Confederación Deportiva de Catalunya (1922), Federación Española de Alpinismo (1922), Federación Española de Hockey (1922), Federación Catalana de Rugby (1922), Federación Española de Rugby (1922), Federación Motorista Española (1923), Federación Española de Baloncesto (1923), Real Federación Española de Esgrima (1924), Federación Gimnástica Española (1932), Federación de Clubs de Golf de España (1932), Federación Española de Esquí (1934).

114 ‘Crónica local’, La Dinastía, April 6, 1897, 2.

115 ‘Crónica local’, La Dinastía, May 27, 1898, 2.

116 María José Daniel, García Fraguas y la implantación de la educación física en España (Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 2014); Andrew McFarland, ‘The Importance of Reception: Explaining Sport’s Success in Early Twentieth-century Spain’, European Review 19, no. 4 (2011): 527–43.

117 ‘Noticias generales: Sociedad Hípica Española’, La Correspondencia de España, June 21, 1901, 3.

118 Víctor Martínez Patón, ‘El centenario de la federación regional catalana’, Cuadernos de Fútbol, 46 (2013), www.cihefe.es/cuadernosdefutbol/2013/09/el-centenario-de-la-federacion-regional-catalana (accessed May 2022)

119 Martínez Patón, ‘El centenario de la federación regional catalana’.

120 ‘Miscelánea’, Los Deportes, April 3, 1904, 219.

121 Fernando Arrechea, ‘Misterios olímpicos (II): La fundación del COE’, Cuadernos de fútbol 8 (2010), www.cihefe.es/cuadernosdefutbol/2010/03/serie-misterios-olimpicos-ii-la-fundacion-del-coe (accessed May 2022).

122 Isidro Lloret, ‘Foot-ball’, Los Deportes, December 22, 1906, 962.

123 Fernando Vázquez (2012). A Prensa Deportiva en Galicia. Historia, Modelos e Tipoloxía (19092009) [The Sports Press in Galicia. History, Models and Typology (1909–2009)] (PhD dissertation, University of Santiago de Compostela, 2012).

124 ‘Jorge Satrústegui Barrié’, dbe.rah.es/biografias/71831/jorge-satrustegui-barrie (accessed May 2022).

125 ‘Nueva entidad: Federación de Sociedades Deportivas’, El Mundo Deportivo, December 7, 1911, 2.

126 Martínez Patón, ‘El centenario de la federación regional catalana’.

127 Martínez Patón, ‘El centenario de la federación regional catalana’.

128 Winter, ‘La asamblea de constitución: Federación Atlética Catalana’, El Mundo Deportivo, September 6, 1915, 1.

129 Ricardo Cabot, ‘Federación atlética: Convocatoria’, Stadium, March 27, 1915, 199.

130 ‘Atletismo: La Federación Castellana’, El Mundo Deportivo, January 30, 1917, 4.

131 ‘Atletismo: Federación Atlética Vizcaína’, El Mundo Deportivo, December 11, 1917, 4.

132 ‘Remo: Federación Española de Clubs de Remo’, El Mundo Deportivo, May 22, 1918, 3.

133 ‘Atletismo: Federación Atlética Española’, El Mundo Deportivo, April 8, 1920, 4.

134 ‘Federación Española’, La Vanguardia, June 20, 1920, 7.

135 The UVE congresses were biennial from 1905 to 1909.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Bernat López

Bernat López is a senior lecturer at the Department of Communication Studies, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (Spain). He holds a PhD in Communication Sciences. He has extensively written in the field of sport history, with a particular focus on the relationship between the media, communication and sport. Some of his more relevant contributions are ‘Sport, Media, Politics and Nationalism on the Eve of the Spanish Civil War: The First Vuelta Ciclista a España (1935)’, The International Journal of the History of Sport 27, no. 4 (2010): 635–657; ‘The Invention of a “Drug of Mass Destruction”: Deconstructing the EPO Myth’, Sport in History 31, no. 1 (2011): 84–109; ‘From Macro to Mega: Changes in the Communication Strategies of the Vuelta Ciclista a España After ASO’s Takeover (2008–2015)’, Communication & Sport 5, no. 1 (2015), 69–94; and ‘Propaganda on Two Wheels: The Spanish Republican Team in the 1937 Tour de France’, The International Journal of the History of Sport 36, no. 2–3 (2019), 267–293.

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