Trends in attitudes toward people living with HIV, homophobia, and HIV transmission knowledge in Quebec, Canada (1996, 2002, and 2010)

Abstract

People living with HIV (PWHIV) face negative attitudes that isolate and discourage them from accessing services. Understanding negative attitudes and the social environment can lead to more effective health promotion strategies and programs. However, a scale to measure attitudes has been lacking. We developed and validated attitudes toward PWHIV Scale to examine trends in attitudes toward PWHIV in Quebec in 1996, 2002, and 2010. We also examined the relationship between negative attitudes toward PWHIV, homophobia, and knowledge about HIV transmission. The scale included 16 items and had a five-factor structure: F1 (fear of being infected), F2 (fear of contact with PWHIV), F3 (prejudicial beliefs toward groups at high risk of HIV), F4 (tolerance regarding sexual mores and behaviors), and F5 (social support for PWHIV). The validity and reliability of the scale were assessed and found to be high. Overall, Quebecers had positive attitudes toward PWHIV, with more negative attitudes observed in subgroups defined as male,≥50 years of age,<14 years of education, higher levels of homophobia, and below-average knowledge about HIV transmission. Scores were stable between 1996 and 2002, and increased in 2010. Negative attitudes were correlated with higher levels of homophobia and lesser knowledge about HIV transmission. The lowest scores for each factor were observed in the same subgroups that had low overall scores on the Attitudes Scale. The findings from this study can be used to intensify interventions that promote compassion for PWHIV, address attitudes toward homosexuality, and encourage greater knowledge about the transmission of HIV in these subgroups.

Keywords:

• attitudes
• HIV
• scale
• homophobia

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the contribution of everyone who took part in the study interviews, focus groups and consultations during the development of the questionnaire. In particular, the authors thank the members of the telephone survey consulting committees for their invaluable insight and advice, as well as members of the expert panel from community groups, academia and public health for their counsel during the development of the 1996 questionnaire and for their critique of the subsequent 2002 and 2010 questionnaires. The authors would especially like to posthumously acknowledge the dedication and talent of their colleague and co-author, Michèle Perron, who contributed significantly to the data management and analyses of the first two surveys. Funding for this study was provided by the Service de lutte aux infections transmissibles sexuellement et par le sang (SLITSS) of the Ministère de la Santé et des Services Sociaux du Québec.