Understanding the role of peer group membership in reducing HIV-related risk and vulnerability among female sex workers in Karnataka, India

Abstract

In Karnataka state, South India, we analyzed the role of membership in peer groups in reducing HIV-related risk and vulnerability among female sex workers (FSWs). Data from three surveys conducted in Karnataka, a behavioral tracking survey and two rounds of integrated biological and behavioral assessments (IBBAs), were analyzed. Using propensity score matching, we examined the impact of group membership on selected outcomes, including condom use, experience of violence, access to entitlements, and the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV infection. Focus group discussions were conducted with the FSWs to better understand their perceptions regarding membership in peer groups. Peer group members participating in the IBBAs had a lower prevalence of gonorrhea and/or chlamydia (5.2 vs 9.6%, p<0.001), and of syphilis (8.2 vs 10.3%, p<0.05), compared to non-members. The average treatment effect for selected outcome measures, from the propensity score matching, showed that FSWs who were members of any peer group reported significantly less experience of violence in the past six months, were less likely to have bribed police to avoid trouble in the past six months, and were more likely to have obtained at least one formal identification document in the past five years, compared to non-members. In focus group discussions, group members indicated that they had more confidence in dealing with situations of forced sex and violence. Including community mobilization and peer group formation in the context of HIV prevention programing can reduce HIV-related risk and vulnerability among FSWs.

Keywords:

• community mobilization
• peer groups
• female sex work
• HIV risk and vulnerability
• India

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the World Bank. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation or the World Bank. We would like to acknowledge the contributions of the local interviewers as well as the women who participated in the study.

Notes

1. Solapur is a district in southern Maharashtra where KHPT manages HIV prevention programs, and was included in the BTS due to the high number of FSWs, and to provide a comparison with the other districts, which are all in Karnataka.

2. Belgaum was included in both the BTS and IBBAs, and was considered an important district due to the large number of FSWs and high prevalence of HIV among FSWs, as was seen in the first IBBA round in Belgaum.