Sex differences in benzodiazepine use in the HIV-infected population

Abstract

In the HIV-infected population there is a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders, conditions that often coexist with drug and alcohol dependence. Symptoms associated with psychiatric disorders are frequently managed with benzodiazepines, a class of medication often abused. We examined whether HIV-infected patients were more likely to fill a benzodiazepine prescription than their uninfected counterparts using a privately insured, nationally representative sample receiving clinical care between January 2007 and December 2009. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to quantify the likelihood of receiving a benzodiazepine were calculated using multivariate logistic regression models. We examined the presence of interaction between HIV infection and sex using backwards elimination and by comparing stratum-specific OR to identify clinically meaningful differences. Overall, 323,796 beneficiaries were included in the sample, of which 723 were HIV infected. Bivariate analyses showed that compared to the uninfected sample, HIV-infected patients were more likely to have filled a benzodiazepine prescription (24% vs. 19%) during the study period. HIV-infected patients were also more likely to be male (80% vs. 44%), black (21% vs. 7%) and have a diagnosis of depression (12% vs. 8%) or insomnia (6% vs. 3%) than were uninfected patients. Adjusted for other covariates, HIV infection was associated with an increase (OR): 1.68, 95% CI: 1.39, 2.02) in the likelihood of filling a benzodiazepine prescription. When stratified by sex, HIV-infected males were more likely (OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.67) than uninfected males to fill a benzodiazepine prescription while there was no observed difference in the likelihood of filling a benzodiazepine prescription between HIV-infected and uninfected females (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 0.73, 1.70). Our findings suggest that HIV-infected patients, particularly HIV-infected males, are more likely to fill benzodiazepine prescriptions than their uninfected counterparts, highlighting the need for further research to investigate reasons for these observed differences.

Keywords:

• HIV
• benzodiazepine
• sex differences
• psychiatric disorders
• drug utilisation

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Dr Karen Blumenschein for her helpful comments and article review. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

Funding

The project described was supported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under the award number [UL1TR000117]; the Office of Women's Health Research and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health under the award number [K12DA035150].

Additional information

Funding

Funding: The project described was supported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under the award number [UL1TR000117]; the Office of Women's Health Research and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health under the award number [K12DA035150].