Excess costs of non-infectious comorbidities among people living with HIV – estimates from Denmark and Sweden

ABSTRACT

People living with HIV have an increased risk of comorbidities with non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease and osteoporotic fractures, compared to the general population. The burden of these comorbidities is expected to rise as the HIV-infected population ages. This development may require additional health care resources and it is relevant to ascertain the costs associated with these comorbidities. The population attributed risk approach was applied to estimate excess costs associated with the higher rates of comorbidities among HIV patients in Denmark and Sweden compared to their respective general populations. Excess direct and indirect costs for one year were calculated for myocardial infarction, stroke, osteoporotic fractures and chronic kidney disease. Cost estimates were presented in age and sex subgroups. In the course of one year the excess costs for myocardial infarction, stroke, osteoporotic fractures and chronic kidney disease attributable to HIV was estimated to €3.4 million for Denmark and €2.6 million for Sweden. Chronic kidney disease accounted for the majority of the total excess costs, followed by osteoporotic fractures, myocardial infarction and stroke. The high prevalence of comorbidities in the HIV-infected population is associated with substantial excess costs. Focus on primary and secondary prophylactic interventions is warranted. Additional studies, preferably large-scale case-control studies, may give further insights on the extent and the predictors of these excess costs.

KEYWORDS:

• HIV
• comorbidity
• cost
• Denmark
• Sweden

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge Laureanne Lorenzo, contractor at Gilead Sciences, and Ola Granström, employee of Gilead Sciences, for critical appraisal in the development of this manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

Financial support for this study was provided by Gilead Sciences.