Abstract
While there is general agreement that the doctoral process is about the creation of original knowledge, there is less clarity about other objectives. In an age of austerity the potential conflict between longand short-term aims becomes more acute, as well as the conflict between larger scale objectives (such as sustainability, economic and intellectual development), quality assurance procedures and ethical requirements. These conflicts are explored through a review of some initiatives followed in Australia, England, Estonia, Germany, Norway, Sweden, the USA and Wales.