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Notes
Patricia Crone, God's Rule: Government and Islam (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), pp. 364–365. Also published in Scotland as Medieval Islamic Political Thought.
Anne-Marie Delcambre, Inside Islam (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2005), p. 17.
Yusuf Qaradawi, The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam (New Delhi: Saeed International, n.d.), p. 234.
Rudolph Peters, Jihad in Mediaeval and Modern Islam (London: Brill, 1977), pp. 3–4
Douglas Streusand, “What Does Jihad Mean”, Middle East Quarterly, Vol. IV, No. 3 (September 1997) at http://www.meforum.org/article/357.
Reuven Firestone, Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam (New York: Oxford, 1999), pp. 139–140, note 19; Rudolph Peters, “The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern Islam,” in Rudolph Peters, ed., Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam (Princeton: Marcus Wiener, 1996), p. 116.
R.K. Pruthi, ed., Encyclopaedia of Jihad (New Delhi: Anmol, 2002) Vol. 1 (of 5 volumes) p. 1. See also pp. 62–63 on the unreliability of the greater jihad hadith. On jihad meaning war see pp. 63–71. These volumes should not be confused with an al-Qaeda publication of the same name.
Firestone, Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam, p. 17. The reference is to the Sunan Dawud collection. The collections considered by Muslim jurists to be most authoritative are those of Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim.
John Kelsay, Islam and War (Westminster: John Knox Press, 1993), pp. 35–36, 46; Michael Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006), p. 92
Majid Khadduri, The Islamic Law of Nations: Shaybani's Siyar (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1966), pp. 91, 92, 100.
Harfiyah Abdel Salleem, Oliver Ramsbotham, Saba Risaluddin and Brian Wicker, The Crescent and the Cross: Muslim and Christian Approaches to War and Peace (London: MacMillan, 1998), p. 78.
Ibn Taymiyya, “The Religious and Moral Doctrine of Jihad” in Peters ed., Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam, pp. 49–50.
Text in Bruce Lawrence, ed., Messages to the World: The Statements of Osama bin Laden (New York: Verso, 2005), pp. 58–62. Citation on p. 61.
Gilles Kepel, Jihad: On the Trail of Political Islam (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002), p. 147.
Jihad magazine, Issue 27, February 1987 in Peter Bergen, The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of al Qaeda's Leader (New York: Free Press, 2006), p. 35.
New York Times, 28 July 2006, p. A 16.
Ibid.
Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, Priorities of the Islamic Movement in the Coming Phase (Swansea: Awakening Publications, 2000), p. 122.
For an analysis, see John C. Zimmerman, “Roots of Conflict: The Islamist Critique of Western Values”, Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies, Vol. 30, No. 4 (Winter 2005), pp. 425–458.
E. Kohlberg, “The Development of the Imam Shi'i Doctrine of Jihad,” Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 126, No. 1 (1976), especially pp. 78–86.
See John C. Zimmerman, “Sayyid Qutb's Influence on the 11 September Attacks,” Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 16, No. 2, (Summer 2004), pp. 222–252. See also Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 (New York: Knopf, 2006), pp. 7–31, 36–37, 79–80, 131.