Onychomycosis in children – review on treatment and management strategies

Abstract

Background

Onychomycosis is an uncommon condition in children with increasing global prevalence. Health practitioners should confirm the diagnosis through mycology examination and examine family members of affected individuals for onychomycosis and tinea pedis.

Objective

To comprehensively summarize the treatment and management strategies for pediatric onychomycosis.

Methods

We performed a comprehensive literature search in the PubMed database to identify clinical studies on treatment for mycologically-confirmed dermatophyte onychomycosis in children <18 years. The exclusion criteria were combination therapy, case reports, reviews, systematic reviews and duplicate studies.

Results

Per-weight dosing regimens of systemic antifungal agents such as terbinafine, itraconazole, and fluconazole are found to be safe in children and are used off-label for the treatment of pediatric onychomycosis with high efficacy. Topical antifungal agents such as ciclopirox, efinaconazole, and tavaborole have established safety and efficacy in children. Children respond better than adults to topical therapy due to their thinner, faster growing nails. There is no data on the efficacy of medical devices for onychomycosis in children.

Conclusion

Efinaconazole topical solution 10% and tavaborole topical solution 5% are FDA approved for the treatment of onychomycosis in children ≥6 years; ciclopirox topical solution 8% nail lacquer is approved in children ≥12 years.

Keywords:

• Onychomycosis
• children
• pediatric
• treatment
• ciclopirox 8%
• tavaborole 5%
• efinaconazole 10%
• management

Acknowledgment

No funding was received for this project. Mediprobe Research Inc. is a not-for-profit, noncommercial research organization.

Disclosure statement

AKG is a clinical trials investigator for Moberg Pharma and Bausch Health Canada and a speaker for Bausch Health Canada. MV is an employee at Mediprobe Research Inc., where clinical trials are conducted under the supervision of AKG. NHS has been a consultant to Bausch Health, Celgene, Amgen, AbbVie, Janssen, Sanofi-Genzyme, Leo Pharma, Novartis, UCB. VP undertakes advisory work for Pfizer, AbbVie, Janssen, UCB, Novartis, Almirall and Celgene. He has received departmental support from AbbVie, Bausch Health, Celgene, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Lilly, NAOS, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre-Fabre, and Sanofi. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).