Pulmonary Immune Response of Dogs after Exposure to ²³⁹PuO₂

Summary

This study evaluated the cell-mediated (CMI) and humoral immune responses in four Beagle dogs five to six years after single inhalation exposures to different monodisperse ²³⁹PuO₂ aerosols (0·72–1·4 µm activity median aerodynamic diameter). These exposures resulted in initial lung burdens ranging from 19 to 35kBq. Four nonexposed dogs were used as age-matched controls. Anesthetized dogs were immunized by instillation of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) into selected lung lobes. Cells and fluids were obtained serially from blood samples and by bronchoalveolar lavage of the saline- and SRBC-treated lung lobes at 5–20 days after immunization. The CMI response evaluated by the leukocyte procoagulant activity test was similar in the saline- and SRBC-treated lobes of both groups of dogs. The humoral immune response was measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. No differences were shown between the amount of antibody measured in the sera or lung lavages from control or Pu-exposed dogs. Histopathology of the tracheobronchial lymph nodes from the Pu-exposed dogs showed them to be fibrotic with no lymphoid cells, suggesting that these tissues could not respond to the antigen deposited in the lungs. However, both mediastinal and sternal lymph nodes did contain lymphoid tissue, and were likely to be the lymphoid tissues that produced the immunity to the antigen deposited in the lungs of the exposed dogs. Although both exposed and control dogs produced immune responses to the antigen instilled into their lungs, differences were observed in the number of neutrophils in lung lavages from the control and exposed animals. There was a dramatic influx of neutrophils into both the saline- and SRBC-treated lung lobes of the Pu-exposed dogs that was not seen in the age-matched controls. This suggests that the inhaled ²³⁹PuO₂ produced chronically-active inflammation in the lung which may contribute to recruitment of lymphocytes to the lung following intrapulmonary deposition of antigen. In conclusion, the immune responses induced by lung immunization of dogs that had inhaled ²³⁹PuO₂ were not suppressed by large doses of chronic alpha irradiation of the lungs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes, indicating that local pulmonary immune responses are preserved despite severe radiation-induced alteration of these tissues.