Soft soil, black grapes: the birth of Italian winemaking in California

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Notes

1. For more information, see Simpson (2011).

2. See National Agricultural Statistic Service data at http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/California/Historical_Data/Grapes-W.pdf

3. The exception was the Napa Valley Wine Company, a company incorporated in 1883 by several Napa wineries, to sell their wines directly to retailers. Some winery owners, such as Charles Krug, were immigrants, others, such as Morris Estee, were native-born Americans (see Peninou and Unzelman, 2000).

4. ‘The Vineyards of California’. San Francisco Merchant. September 12, 1884 (Vol. XII, #18), p. 302.

5. The Tychson story is somewhat confused. See Monahan (2013), Maudru (2010) and Sullivan (1994, pp. 9, 158). For statistical reports, see Priber (1893) and Sacramento and Board of State Viticiultural Commissioners (1891). The property ultimately became Freemark Abbey winery.