Effects of Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle (Hydrocharitaceae) growing conditions and nutrient content on the performance of a leaf-mining fly, Hydrellia purcelli Deeming (Diptera: Ephydridae)

ABSTRACT

Host plant quality for insects used in weed biological control influences their performance and hence their ability to suppress target host populations. Determining the specific response of these insects to the quality of their host is important because phytophagous insects have variable tolerances of the different constituents of host plant quality, most notably dietary nitrogen (N), but also other physical and chemical components. The invasive aquatic weed Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle (Hydrocharitaceae) was cultivated under varying nutrient conditions to determine the influence of plant quality on immature survival, development, larval mining, reproductive output and adult longevity of a leaf-mining fly Hydrellia purcelli Deeming (Diptera: Ephydridae). Additionally, field-collected H. verticillata was included in the investigations to assess the potential performance of H. purcelli in the field. Variation in plant tissue N and phosphorus (P) concentrations had no effects on larval survival, female fecundity, or adult longevity, but high levels of N and P were associated with reduced immature development times and higher body mass of females. Overall, plant quality factors not measured in this study appeared to have a greater impact on the performance of the fly, rather than dietary N and P. The results provided insights into optimal mass-rearing conditions for H. purcelli and the potential performance of the fly in the field in South Africa. Furthermore, the results demonstrate the importance of considering other aspects of plant quality for insect agents, in addition to dietary N and P, when developing mass-rearing protocols or predicting their potential impact in the field.

KEYWORDS:

• Herbivory
• N and P content
• weed biological control
• fertiliser application
• mass-rearing

Acknowledgements

I am indebted to Mr Njabulo Mngomezulu and Mr Ernest Mawela for technical assistance. Pongola River Company staff are thanked for assistance with the field collections of Hydrilla verticillata.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

ORCID

A. Bownes http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5958-1546

Additional information

Funding

This research was funded by the Department of Environmental Affairs – Natural Resource Management Programmes (DEA-NRMP).