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Original Articles

Financial Statements and Positive Accounting Theory: The Early Contribution of Aldo Amaduzzi

Pages 53-62 | Published online: 16 Mar 2007
 

Abstract

This paper examines some of the accounting ideas that were developed in the late 1940s by an Italian professor, Aldo Amaduzzi, with regards to positive accounting studies and the content of financial statements. The paper briefly reviews the aim, methodological assumptions and key findings of the so-called ‘positive accounting theory’ based on the works of the Rochester school of accounting. A content analysis of the early work of Amaduzzi, in relation to his view that the contents of financial statements can be seen as the equilibrium outcome of a conflict of interests between corporate stakeholders, shows that many of the methodological issues on accounting theory stressed by the ‘Rochester school of accounting’ were raised by Amaduzzi (1947, 1949). The paper concludes that although some key differences between the two approaches do exist, Amaduzzi may be considered as a forerunner of positive accounting theory.

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank the participants of the international workshop on ‘Accounting History in Italy’, organised by the Italian Society of Accounting History at the University of Pisa, Italy, 27–28 January, 2005 for their comments on an earlier draft of this paper.

Notes

1. Furthermore, Watts and Zimmerman (Citation1979: p. 300) assert that ‘the only accounting theory that will provide a set of predictions that are consistent with observed phenomena is one based on self-interest’.

2. Amaduzzi's entire collection of works includes approximately 40 books and 100 articles written between 1926 and 1991.

3. Amaduzzi's work is in the Italian language, and has never been translated into English, so that his work is hardly known to non-Italian speaking accounting scholars. The barrier of language is a well-known problem for the dissemination of ideas within the international accounting community (e.g. see Carmona, Citation2004).

4. Although international accounting and management literature asserts that the term ‘stakeholder’ was used for the very first time in Stewart et al. Citation(1963), Guatri (Citation1995: p. 8) notes that Amaduzzi Citation(1949) contains the ‘seeds’ of stakeholder theory.

5. Amaduzzi (Citation1949: p. 11) clarified that ‘il nostro studio può portare su un terreno più rispondente al vero il problema delle valutazioni’ and asserted that: ‘dobbiamo giungere, in materia, alla posizione di principi, alla formazione di un sistema di conoscenza che corrisponda a quanto avviene nella realtà’ (Amaduzzi, Citation1949: p. 23).

6. For a brief review in English regarding the historical issues relating to the debate in Italy concerning income-oriented accounting vs. capital-based accounting (also known as the ‘patrimonial’ or ‘proprietorial’ approach), see Viganò Citation(1998).

7. Amaduzzi (Citation1949: p. 10) argued that, ‘l'atteggiamento dottrinale sul bilancio non ha colto ancora il conflitto completo degli interessi che in esso si agitano’.

8. Amaduzzi, (Citation1947: p. 142; 1949: p. 10) claimed, ‘noi vedremo il bilancio come sede di un conflitto di interessi, come un luogo ove interessi disparati, che esigono, di per sé considerati, valori diversi, trovano razionale od irrazionale componimento, razionale o irrazionale scissura’. See also his assertion in Amaduzzi (Citation1949: pp. 18–19): ‘lo scopo particolare del presente studio è quello di esaminare il riflesso che il giuoco dei vari gruppi di interessi ha pel sistema dei valori del bilancio di esercizio, per considerare come tale sistema non sia frutto di norme assolute di valutazione’.

9. ‘il nostro studio può portare su un terreno più rispondente al vero il problema delle valutazioni’ (Amaduzzi, Citation1947: p. 142)

10. ‘Le valutazioni non sono quindi il frutto di questa o di quella norma ‘razionale’ di valutazione, non sono frutto solamente della capacità di prevedere, della volontà di giungere a dati risultati di una specie, … Le valutazioni del bilancio sono nella realtà, di cui dobbiamo tenere strettamente conto per teorizzare, il frutto di un giuoco di interessi, parte solo dei quali trova contemperamento nel bilancio’ (Amaduzzi, Citation1947: p. 143; 1949: pp. 12–13) (emphasis in the original text).

11. ‘Interessi obiettivi sono quelli dettati dalla fenomenologia intrinseca del sistema aziendale, e dell'ambiente che lo circonda; interessi subiettivi sono quelli dettati da aspirazioni di persone, avulse da una logica oggettiva ma intonate ad esigenze di classi, di persone’ (Amaduzzi, Citation1949: p. 16).

12. ‘Tali aspirazioni possono essere dettate dalla mira di incrementare il buon governo dell'azienda, così come (al contrario) possono creare un contrasto con le finalità oggettive’ (Amaduzzi, Citation1949: p. 14).

13. See, for example, Galassi Citation(1984), Zan Citation(1994) and Viganò Citation(1998) for a review, in the English language, of the key characteristics of the Economia aziendale theoretical framework.

14. The concept of the firm as a ‘nexus of contracts’ was developed in Jensen and Meckling (Citation1976: p. 310ff), who argued that organisations ‘are simply legal fictions which serve as a nexus for a set of contracting relationships among individuals’.

15. For an in-depth review in the English language of the meaning of ‘azienda’ in the ‘Economia aziendale’ framework, see inter alia, Viganò Citation(1998).

16. For a definition and review of ‘positive theory of agency’, in contrast with the so-defined ‘principal-agent’ literature, see Jensen (Citation1983: p. 334ff).

17. See also Jensen (Citation1976: p. 11): ‘in accounting the term “theory” has come to mean normative proposition. The so-called accounting theory texts are almost entirely devoted to the examination of questions of a “what ought to be done” nature. These theories, of course, are not supposed to explain existing phenomena’.

18. ‘Gli studi che si son condotti negli ultimi venti anni sul bilancio dell’impresa commerciale, in Italia ed all'estero, hanno segnato un notevole progresso, atto a far comprendere molti aspetti nuovi di quel sistema di simboli che il bilancio rappresenta’ (Amaduzzi, Citation1949: p. 7).

19. Amat & Gowthorpe (2004: 4) note that ‘the preferred term in the USA, and consequently in most of the literature on the subject, is ‘earnings management’, but in Europe the preferred term is “creative accounting”’.

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