https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3574-0116
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ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of the armed conflict in Colombia on the environment, and in particular, terrorist attacks on the oil infrastructure and the phenomenon of oil spills in river basins in the department of Norte de Santander. The study covers the last decade, from 2010 to 2019, and is focused on one of the most violent departments in Colombia, through which the country’s most important oil pipeline runs, connecting Caño Limón in Arauca and Coveñas in Sucre. Based on governmental and other reports, the papersituates these acts violence within within the wider dynamics ofarmed confllict. A model is also proposed pointing to the urgency of finding new variables and risk probability factors so that this threat to security in Colombia, currently as unpredictable as it is unresolved, may be effectively managed.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes
1. Ministry of Defence, “Logros de la política.”
2. Catton and Dulap, “Environmental Sociology.”
3. Lavaux, “Degradación ambiental”; De Esteban and Antonovica, “Los orígenes de la sociología medioambiental”; and McKinney, “Entropic Disorder.”
4. Harris et al., “When Disasters.”
5. Rettberg et al., “Different Resources, Different Conflicts?”
6. Lavaux, “Degradación ambiental.”
7. Barnet and Adger, “Climate Change, Human Security.”
8. Ríos, “La periferialización del conflicto.”
9. Malamud, “The Environment as a Factor,” 248.
10. Humphreys, “Natural Resources.”
11. Lavaux, “Degradación ambiental”; Werrell and Femia, “The Responsability to Prepare and Prevent”; and Malamud, “Climate Change and Violence.”
12. Tang et al., “A framework designation,” 389.
13. See note 6 above.
14. Münkler, “Viejas y Nuevas Guerras.”
15. Lessing, “Making Peace.”
16. Arjona, “Rebelocracy.”
17. Malamud, “The Environment as a Factor,” 247.
18. Massè and Le Billon, “Gold mining in Colombia.”
19. O’Lear and Tutten, “Environment and Conflict”; Malamud, “The Environment as a Factor”; and Kerr, “Assessing Gang Risks.”
20. Borum, “Seven Pillars,” 35.
21. Korf, “Resources, Violence and the Telluric.”
22. Kaldor, “Old Wars, Cold Wars, New Wars,” 492.
23. Borum, “Seven Pillars,” 37–41.
24. Malamud, “Environment as a Factor,” 251.
25. Le Billon, “Natural Resources Types,” 19.
26. Klare, “The Race for What’s Left,” 12.
27. García Pinzón and Trejos, “Las tramas del conflicto.”
28. Malesevic, “The Sociology of War and Violence.”
29. Mann, “The Sources of Social Power.”
30. Malamud, “Climate Change and Violence.”
31. Lavaux, “Degradación ambiental.”
32. Homer-Dixon, “On the Threshold.”
33. Lavaux, “Degradación ambiental,” 16–17.
34. Ibíd., 14.
35. Malamud, “Climate Change and Violence,” 54.
36. Ibid., 56.
37. Malamud, “The Environment as a Factor”; and Malamud, “Climate Change and Violence.”
38. Malamud, “The Environment as a Factor,” 253.
39. Malamud, “Climate Change and Violence,” 53.
40. Ríos, “¿Una paz fallida?”
41. Malamud, “Climate Change and Violence”; and Kerr, “Assessing Gang Risk.”
42. Ríos, “La periferialización del conflicto”; and Malamud, “Economías ilícitas en la Amazonía.”
43. See note 18 above.
44. UNODC, “World Drug Report.”
45. GIATC, “El Crimen Organizado”; and Ríos et al., “Departamentos de frontera.”
46. Ríos, “Historia de la violencia.”
47. Kerr, “Assessing Gang Risk.”
48. Darby, “Violence and Reconstruction.”
49. See note 46 above.
50. Echandía, “Dos décadas de escalamiento,” 60.
51. Echandía and Cabrera, “Madurez para la paz,” 68.
52. ODHDIH, “Síntesis de la violencia.”
53. Villamizar, “Las guerrillas en Colombia.”
54. See note 40 above.
55. Aguilera and Perea, “Violencias Que Persisten.”
56. Indepaz, “Conflictos armados focalizados.”
57. See note 46 above.
58. Patiño et al., “Medio ambiente.”
59. Gleick, “Water and terrorism.”
60. Ombudsman’s Office, “Vigésimo tercer informe.”
61. Barrios and Miller, “Green Passion Afloat.”
62. Díaz et al., “Mercury pollution in Colombia.”
63. Ríos, “Departamentos de frontera.”
64. Vélez, “FARC-ELN”; and Sancho, “Colombia enferma.”
65. Ortega, “Los conflictos culturales”; and Ideas for Peace Foundation, “Verdad y afectaciones.”
66. Rezazadeh et al., “Applying game theory.”
67. Delvasto and Echeverría, “Documento compilado.”
68. See note 63 above.
69. Lizcano et al., “Dia de la Biodiversidad”; and Andrade, “Estado del conocimiento de la biodiversidad.”
70. Ideas for Peace Foundation, “Verdad y afectaciones.”
71. See note 46 above.
72. Ibíd.
73. See note 1 above.
74. Young, “Risk and the Theory of Security.”
Additional information
Funding
Notes on contributors
Jerónimo Ríos
Jerónimo Ríos is Research Fellow in Political Geography and Geopolitics at the Complutense University of Madrid as a recipient of a 2018 grant cofinanced by the Comunidad de Madrid. This research is part of the 2018-T2/SOC-10508 project. His main lines of research are armed conflicts in Latin America and, in particular, the territorial dynamics of violence associated with them. Email: [email protected]
Julio C. González
Julio C. González is Associate Professor at the Faculty of International Relations, Strategy and Security of the Nueva Granada Military University (Colombia). His main lines of research are security in critical infrastructures and the territorial dynamics of violence in Colombia. Email: [email protected]
Mariano García de las Heras
Mariano García de las Heras is a PhD candidate and he is a researcher in the Faculty of Political Science and Sociology of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. He works on borders, geopolitical discourse and political violence in Latin America. Email: [email protected].