Magnetic field-enhanced sedimentation of nanopowder magnetite in water flow

Abstract

Sedimentation dynamics of magnetite (γ-Fe₃O₄) nanopowder (10–20 nm) in water in a gradient magnetic field B_max = 0.3 T, (dB/dz)_max = 0.13 T/cm was studied for different water flow speeds and starting particle concentrations (0.1 and 1.0 g/l). The aggregates formation in water was monitored under the same conditions. In cyclical water flow, the velocity of particle sedimentation increases significantly in comparison to its rate in still water, which corresponds to the intensified aggregate formation. However, at a water flow speed more than 0.1 cm/s sedimentation velocity slows down, which might be connected to aggregate destruction in a faster water flow. Correlation between sedimentation time and the nanoparticle concentration in water does not follow the trend expected for spherical superparamagnetic particles. In our case sedimentation time is shorter for c = 0.1 g/l in comparison with that for c = 1 g/l. We submit that such a feature is caused by particle self-organization in water into complex structures of fractal type. This effect is unexplained in the framework of existing theoretical models of colloids systems, so far. Provisional recommendations are suggested for the design of a magnetic separator on the permanent magnets base. The main device parameters are magnetic field intensity B ≥ 0.1 T, magnetic field gradient (dB/dz)_max ≈ (0.1–0.2) T/cm, and water flow speed V < 0.15 cm/s. For particle concentration c = 1 g/l, purification of water from magnetite down to ecological and hygienic standards is reached in 80 min, for c = 0.1 g/l the time is reduced down to 50 min.

Keywords:

• magnetite nanoparticles
• gradient magnetic field
• sedimentation
• aggregation
• water flow

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Gaviko V. S. for the help in nanopowders characterization.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Funding

This study was conducted with the support of Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences project.